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<p>Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are composite materials with a continuous variation in composition and properties, making them suitable for specific applications. This study presents a comparative investigation of the microstructure and hardness of Ti–TiB composites and corresponding functionally graded materials (FGMs) processed under two sintering conditions (1275&#xa0;°C–48 MPa and 1350&#xa0;°C–16 MPa) using vacuum hot pressing. Compositions ranging from pure Ti to Ti–60 vol% TiB were examined to enable both monolithic and graded structures. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of α-Ti and TiB phases for all compositions. No phase variation was observed between the two sintering conditions. SEM analysis revealed a progressive increase in TiB whisker density and interconnectivity with increasing TiB content, along with reduced matrix continuity. Comparable microstructures were obtained under both sintering conditions, indicating a temperature–pressure compensation effect. Hardness increased significantly with TiB content, from ~ 527 HV for pure Ti to ~ 1161 HV for Ti–60 vol% TiB, with similar values obtained under both sintering conditions. The microstructure and hardness of FGM layers closely matched those of the corresponding bulk composites. The results demonstrate that similar processing–structure–property relationships are maintained in both monolithic composites and FGMs, and that temperature–pressure compensation observed in composites is also applicable to graded structures. This provides a framework for designing FGMs based on the established behavior of bulk composite systems.</p>

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Comparative Study of Microstructure and Hardness in Ti–TiB Composites and FGMs Under Varying Sintering Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Padiri Murali,
  • Kausik Chattopadhyay,
  • Vikas Jindal

摘要

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are composite materials with a continuous variation in composition and properties, making them suitable for specific applications. This study presents a comparative investigation of the microstructure and hardness of Ti–TiB composites and corresponding functionally graded materials (FGMs) processed under two sintering conditions (1275 °C–48 MPa and 1350 °C–16 MPa) using vacuum hot pressing. Compositions ranging from pure Ti to Ti–60 vol% TiB were examined to enable both monolithic and graded structures. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of α-Ti and TiB phases for all compositions. No phase variation was observed between the two sintering conditions. SEM analysis revealed a progressive increase in TiB whisker density and interconnectivity with increasing TiB content, along with reduced matrix continuity. Comparable microstructures were obtained under both sintering conditions, indicating a temperature–pressure compensation effect. Hardness increased significantly with TiB content, from ~ 527 HV for pure Ti to ~ 1161 HV for Ti–60 vol% TiB, with similar values obtained under both sintering conditions. The microstructure and hardness of FGM layers closely matched those of the corresponding bulk composites. The results demonstrate that similar processing–structure–property relationships are maintained in both monolithic composites and FGMs, and that temperature–pressure compensation observed in composites is also applicable to graded structures. This provides a framework for designing FGMs based on the established behavior of bulk composite systems.