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<p>Steel grade specifications are defined by standards and commercial catalogs, primarily based on ranges of mechanical properties. Finite element analysis (FEA) codes such as AutoForm®, LS-Dyna®, and PamStamp® require material cards representing these steel grades to predict sheet metal formability during forming processes. A forming card includes several key behaviors: elastic modulus, hardening law, forming limit curve (FLC), and yield locus. For each behavior, the selected model is justified among the many available options, along with the mechanical properties defined for the representative steel grade. The hardening law combines experimental tensile data up to uniform elongation with a Swift model extension to better capture behavior under large deformations. The latest version of ArcelorMittal’s FLC model, compliant with SEP1240 (Nakajima punch) standards, enhances the reliability of numerical predictions—particularly for new-generation steels—and addresses limitations of previous versions for very thin or thick gauges. The recommended yield locus [<InternalRef RefID="CR4">4</InternalRef>, <InternalRef RefID="CR5">5</InternalRef>, <InternalRef RefID="CR6">6</InternalRef>] depends on the FEA code used.</p>

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More Reliable and Consistent Material Cards for Forming Simulation of Steels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Xavier Lemoine,
  • Xavier Bellut,
  • Dominique Fouques,
  • Dominique Cornette

摘要

Steel grade specifications are defined by standards and commercial catalogs, primarily based on ranges of mechanical properties. Finite element analysis (FEA) codes such as AutoForm®, LS-Dyna®, and PamStamp® require material cards representing these steel grades to predict sheet metal formability during forming processes. A forming card includes several key behaviors: elastic modulus, hardening law, forming limit curve (FLC), and yield locus. For each behavior, the selected model is justified among the many available options, along with the mechanical properties defined for the representative steel grade. The hardening law combines experimental tensile data up to uniform elongation with a Swift model extension to better capture behavior under large deformations. The latest version of ArcelorMittal’s FLC model, compliant with SEP1240 (Nakajima punch) standards, enhances the reliability of numerical predictions—particularly for new-generation steels—and addresses limitations of previous versions for very thin or thick gauges. The recommended yield locus [4, 5, 6] depends on the FEA code used.