<p>The surface deformation caused by coal mining subsidence leads to deformation or damage of buildings. It is of great significance to explore the mining damage mechanism of buildings and develop corresponding anti-deformation technologies for the protection and reinforcement of buildings in coal mining subsidence areas and the construction of new projects. On the basis of analyzing the surface deformation characteristics and the buildings’ inherent characteristics, the research and development history of building damage mitigation and protection technology is summarized from four aspects: including the principle of anti-deformation, numerical simulation, deformation monitoring technology, and protection technology. Furthermore, five development directions are identified for building mining damage and anti-deformation protection technology: soil-foundation-structure interaction mechanism under long-term deformation, structural damage accumulation mechanism of buildings under long-term deformation, real-time efficient and precise structural deformation monitoring technology, mechanical and deformation characteristics of new type of high water-containing foundation filling materials, and anti-deformation protection technology of buildings. This work aims to form a comprehensive theory and anti-deformation technology system for buildings under surface movement and deformation, providing theoretical and technical support for solving problems such as the expanding scope of coal mining subsidence areas, which leads to increasing tension in land resources and constrains urban development.</p>