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<p>Breakwaters are essential coastal structures for protecting ports, yet their modification can substantially alter hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and water renewal processes, especially in sensitive port–wetland systems. This study investigates the impacts of the new breakwater configuration of Anzali Port on hydrodynamic patterns, sediment transport, and water residence time in the Anzali Wetland–Port– channel system, a Ramsar-listed wetland in the southern Caspian Sea. In this study, the MIKE21 hydrodynamic (HD) module was coupled with the Sand Transport (ST) module to simulate conditions before and after the breakwater modification.</p><p>Results show that the new breakwater arrangement clearly reduces current velocities in the navigation channel and wetland areas, leading to enhanced sediment deposition and longer water residence times. Simulated sediment accumulation increased notably in the channel and southwestern wetland, with annual volumetric deposition reaching several thousand cubic meters. Residence time increased by up to 50–70&#xa0;days in southern wetland zones. These changes imply a higher risk of siltation and water stagnation, potentially intensifying eutrophication processes. The results demonstrate the necessity of integrating wetland-scale hydrodynamic and sedimentary impacts into coastal engineering design and provide transferable insights for similar port–wetland systems worldwide.</p>

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Hydrodynamic, sediment transport and water residence time changes in response to structural changes (Anzali Port–Wetland System)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Sajjad Fathi Ozanbolagh,
  • Mohammad Hossein Niksokhan,
  • Abdolreza Karbassi

摘要

Breakwaters are essential coastal structures for protecting ports, yet their modification can substantially alter hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and water renewal processes, especially in sensitive port–wetland systems. This study investigates the impacts of the new breakwater configuration of Anzali Port on hydrodynamic patterns, sediment transport, and water residence time in the Anzali Wetland–Port– channel system, a Ramsar-listed wetland in the southern Caspian Sea. In this study, the MIKE21 hydrodynamic (HD) module was coupled with the Sand Transport (ST) module to simulate conditions before and after the breakwater modification.

Results show that the new breakwater arrangement clearly reduces current velocities in the navigation channel and wetland areas, leading to enhanced sediment deposition and longer water residence times. Simulated sediment accumulation increased notably in the channel and southwestern wetland, with annual volumetric deposition reaching several thousand cubic meters. Residence time increased by up to 50–70 days in southern wetland zones. These changes imply a higher risk of siltation and water stagnation, potentially intensifying eutrophication processes. The results demonstrate the necessity of integrating wetland-scale hydrodynamic and sedimentary impacts into coastal engineering design and provide transferable insights for similar port–wetland systems worldwide.