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<p>This study investigates how water-level regulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir controls surface water–groundwater exchange. In October 2024, 37 water samples were collected from the Wanzhou section in the central reservoir area and analyzed using hydrochemistry, stable isotopes (<i>δ</i>D, <i>δ</i>¹⁸O), and a two-end-member mixing model. The results show that regional water chemistry is primarily governed by carbonate dissolution, reflected in the dominant HCO₃–Ca-type water. Isotopic signatures confirm meteoric precipitation as the main recharge source, with surface water exhibiting stronger evaporative enrichment. The mean recharge elevation of groundwater (523.39&#xa0;m) indicates contributions from high-altitude precipitation or snowmelt, consistent with a typical mountain altitude effect. A regression model between groundwater <i>δ</i>¹⁸O and elevation yielded a gradient of − 0.15‰ per 100&#xa0;m. Reservoir regulation drives spatially differentiated exchange patterns: along the riparian zone, about 64.07% of groundwater originates from surface-water infiltration, whereas on both the left and right banks of the Yangtze River, groundwater recharges surface water at estimated rates of 68.05% and 60.00%, respectively. This clear contrast in flow direction and magnitude is closely linked to the periodic reversal of hydraulic gradients induced by reservoir operation, highlighting reservoir-stage management as a key driver of shallow hydrological restructuring. The findings provide a quantitative basis for water-resource management in the Three Gorges Reservoir and other artificially regulated hydrological systems.</p>

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Typical surface water–groundwater interaction mechanisms in the three gorges reservoir area: coupled evidence from hydrochemistry and hydrogen–oxygen isotopes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Xing Wei,
  • Qingmei Zhang,
  • Yulin Zhou,
  • Libo Ran,
  • Yanan Fu,
  • Zikan Deng,
  • Xueting Dou

摘要

This study investigates how water-level regulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir controls surface water–groundwater exchange. In October 2024, 37 water samples were collected from the Wanzhou section in the central reservoir area and analyzed using hydrochemistry, stable isotopes (δD, δ¹⁸O), and a two-end-member mixing model. The results show that regional water chemistry is primarily governed by carbonate dissolution, reflected in the dominant HCO₃–Ca-type water. Isotopic signatures confirm meteoric precipitation as the main recharge source, with surface water exhibiting stronger evaporative enrichment. The mean recharge elevation of groundwater (523.39 m) indicates contributions from high-altitude precipitation or snowmelt, consistent with a typical mountain altitude effect. A regression model between groundwater δ¹⁸O and elevation yielded a gradient of − 0.15‰ per 100 m. Reservoir regulation drives spatially differentiated exchange patterns: along the riparian zone, about 64.07% of groundwater originates from surface-water infiltration, whereas on both the left and right banks of the Yangtze River, groundwater recharges surface water at estimated rates of 68.05% and 60.00%, respectively. This clear contrast in flow direction and magnitude is closely linked to the periodic reversal of hydraulic gradients induced by reservoir operation, highlighting reservoir-stage management as a key driver of shallow hydrological restructuring. The findings provide a quantitative basis for water-resource management in the Three Gorges Reservoir and other artificially regulated hydrological systems.