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<p>The ecological restoration and management of open-pit slopes, which are created during the process of mineral extraction, have become increasingly important. Spray-seeding with a revegetation substrate and the use of vegetation for slope protection are effective restoration techniques for open-pit slopes. In this study, using fixed revegetation substrate compositions and proportions, we selected ryegrass for slope protection and conducted a series of model tests to evaluate erosion resistance. The effects of time after sowing, seeding density, and rainfall intensity on the erosion resistance of the slope were quantitatively analyzed by measuring the runoff rate and the substrate erosion rate. The hydraulic properties of the root–substrate composite were studied through laboratory experiments, providing a basis for investigating the mechanism of slope protection. Under a rainfall intensity of 50&#xa0;mm/h in this experiment, the slope runoff rate increased with decreasing seeding density and increasing rainfall duration. Meanwhile, the substrate loss rate decreased with increasing seeding density. Under the experimental conditions, 10&#xa0;g/m² was identified as the minimum seeding density required to effectively reduce slope runoff. Under constant seeding density and rainfall intensity, the slope runoff rate decreased as the time after sowing increased, although this effect weakened as the rainfall duration increased. The substrate loss rate decreased with both increasing rainfall duration and time after sowing. The results demonstrate that the root–substrate composite strengthened the slope by reducing seepage and increasing friction, thereby improving erosion resistance. Spray-seeding grass for slope protection can effectively reduce runoff and erosion as well as alter the erosion process, thereby offering strong resistance against rainfall-induced erosion on open-pit mine slopes. However, field application performance should be further validated in relation to the actual slope dimensions, long-term climatic variation, and vegetation succession.</p>

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Development of a spray-seeding substrate under simulated rainfall for the restoration of open-pit mine slopes: insights from a model study in the Qinling Mountains

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Wu Shaoyan,
  • Yanqiu Leng,
  • Song Fei,
  • Wu Peng,
  • Nan Jingjing,
  • Zhang Jihong

摘要

The ecological restoration and management of open-pit slopes, which are created during the process of mineral extraction, have become increasingly important. Spray-seeding with a revegetation substrate and the use of vegetation for slope protection are effective restoration techniques for open-pit slopes. In this study, using fixed revegetation substrate compositions and proportions, we selected ryegrass for slope protection and conducted a series of model tests to evaluate erosion resistance. The effects of time after sowing, seeding density, and rainfall intensity on the erosion resistance of the slope were quantitatively analyzed by measuring the runoff rate and the substrate erosion rate. The hydraulic properties of the root–substrate composite were studied through laboratory experiments, providing a basis for investigating the mechanism of slope protection. Under a rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h in this experiment, the slope runoff rate increased with decreasing seeding density and increasing rainfall duration. Meanwhile, the substrate loss rate decreased with increasing seeding density. Under the experimental conditions, 10 g/m² was identified as the minimum seeding density required to effectively reduce slope runoff. Under constant seeding density and rainfall intensity, the slope runoff rate decreased as the time after sowing increased, although this effect weakened as the rainfall duration increased. The substrate loss rate decreased with both increasing rainfall duration and time after sowing. The results demonstrate that the root–substrate composite strengthened the slope by reducing seepage and increasing friction, thereby improving erosion resistance. Spray-seeding grass for slope protection can effectively reduce runoff and erosion as well as alter the erosion process, thereby offering strong resistance against rainfall-induced erosion on open-pit mine slopes. However, field application performance should be further validated in relation to the actual slope dimensions, long-term climatic variation, and vegetation succession.