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<p>A comprehensive hydrogeochemical and temporal assessment of groundwater quality was conducted in Madurai North Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India, to evaluate its suitability for drinking over 15 years (2008–2022). Groundwater samples collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons were analyzed for major physicochemical parameters. Hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater composition were interpreted using Gibbs diagrams, Piper trilinear diagram, ionic ratio plots, and multivariate statistical techniques. TDS ranged from 531 to 4251&#xa0;mg/L, with elevated concentrations of Na⁺ (1150&#xa0;mg/L), Ca²⁺ (512&#xa0;mg/L), Cl⁻ (1758&#xa0;mg/L), and HCO₃⁻ (1104.1&#xa0;mg/L), often exceeding BIS and WHO drinking water limits. Gibbs diagram results indicate that rock–water interaction is the dominant mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry in both seasons, accounting for more than 60% of the samples. This is attributed to prolonged interaction with crystalline rocks such as granite, gneiss, and charnockite. Evaporation dominance observed in certain years (2013, 2016, and 2020) suggests salinity enrichment under semi-arid climatic conditions, along with possible anthropogenic influences. Piper trilinear diagram classification shows that mixed CaNaHCO₃ facies predominate in both seasons, followed by NaCl and CaHCO₃ types. A gradual shift toward mixed CaNaHCO₃ and CaHCO₃ facies indicates partial improvement in groundwater quality. Ionic ratio analyses suggest the combined influence of silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation. Multivariate statistical methods further distinguish geogenic controls from anthropogenic impacts such as irrigation return flow and domestic wastewater infiltration. Overall, groundwater quality is marginally suitable for drinking, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable management in this region.</p>

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Integrated Hydrogeochemical and seasonal assessment of groundwater using ionic ratios, gibbs and piper methods in Madurai North Taluk

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • M. Ravi,
  • M. Dinesh Kumar,
  • M. Tholkapiyan,
  • V. Venkatraman

摘要

A comprehensive hydrogeochemical and temporal assessment of groundwater quality was conducted in Madurai North Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India, to evaluate its suitability for drinking over 15 years (2008–2022). Groundwater samples collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons were analyzed for major physicochemical parameters. Hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater composition were interpreted using Gibbs diagrams, Piper trilinear diagram, ionic ratio plots, and multivariate statistical techniques. TDS ranged from 531 to 4251 mg/L, with elevated concentrations of Na⁺ (1150 mg/L), Ca²⁺ (512 mg/L), Cl⁻ (1758 mg/L), and HCO₃⁻ (1104.1 mg/L), often exceeding BIS and WHO drinking water limits. Gibbs diagram results indicate that rock–water interaction is the dominant mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry in both seasons, accounting for more than 60% of the samples. This is attributed to prolonged interaction with crystalline rocks such as granite, gneiss, and charnockite. Evaporation dominance observed in certain years (2013, 2016, and 2020) suggests salinity enrichment under semi-arid climatic conditions, along with possible anthropogenic influences. Piper trilinear diagram classification shows that mixed CaNaHCO₃ facies predominate in both seasons, followed by NaCl and CaHCO₃ types. A gradual shift toward mixed CaNaHCO₃ and CaHCO₃ facies indicates partial improvement in groundwater quality. Ionic ratio analyses suggest the combined influence of silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation. Multivariate statistical methods further distinguish geogenic controls from anthropogenic impacts such as irrigation return flow and domestic wastewater infiltration. Overall, groundwater quality is marginally suitable for drinking, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable management in this region.