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<p>This study investigates the effectiveness of triangular toe filters in controlling seepage and enhancing slope stability in homogeneous earth dams through flume-scale experiments and numerical analyses. The influence of key filter parameters, including median particle size, height, and length, was systematically assessed. Results indicated that internal erosion began when the reservoir level exceeded 58% of the dam height and became critical at 66%. The incorporation of granular toe filters significantly improved downstream slope stability, increasing the factor of safety by up to 40% under static loading and 46% under seismic loading. The most effective configuration featured a median particle size of 24&#xa0;mm, a filter height equal to 36% of the dam height, and a length equivalent to 17% of the base width. Filters with a length-to-embankment bottom width ratio of 0.23 achieved the highest drawdown efficiency, reducing water levels by 70% within three days and by 83% by day 30. In comparison, shorter filters with a ratio of 0.05 initially reduced water levels by only 30% and overall, by 79%. These findings underscore the crucial role of toe filter design in enhancing seepage control and improving stability, offering practical guidance aligned with established geotechnical engineering standards.</p>

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Seepage control and stability in earth dams: an experimental and numerical study of optimising triangular toe filters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Subodh Shrivastava,
  • Vishwas N. Khatri,
  • Ashes Banerjee,
  • Srinivas Pasupuleti

摘要

This study investigates the effectiveness of triangular toe filters in controlling seepage and enhancing slope stability in homogeneous earth dams through flume-scale experiments and numerical analyses. The influence of key filter parameters, including median particle size, height, and length, was systematically assessed. Results indicated that internal erosion began when the reservoir level exceeded 58% of the dam height and became critical at 66%. The incorporation of granular toe filters significantly improved downstream slope stability, increasing the factor of safety by up to 40% under static loading and 46% under seismic loading. The most effective configuration featured a median particle size of 24 mm, a filter height equal to 36% of the dam height, and a length equivalent to 17% of the base width. Filters with a length-to-embankment bottom width ratio of 0.23 achieved the highest drawdown efficiency, reducing water levels by 70% within three days and by 83% by day 30. In comparison, shorter filters with a ratio of 0.05 initially reduced water levels by only 30% and overall, by 79%. These findings underscore the crucial role of toe filter design in enhancing seepage control and improving stability, offering practical guidance aligned with established geotechnical engineering standards.