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<p>Lake Jackson in Florida, USA has experienced multiple lake dry-downs, in which the lake partially drained through sinkholes within the lakebed into the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer. This study focused on the lake dry-downs in 2021–2022 and investigated their impacts on groundwater geochemistry at a groundwater monitoring well about 9&#xa0;km downgradient of the lake and at Wakulla Spring, a first-magnitude spring about 32&#xa0;km downgradient of the lake. Major ion concentrations were measured for water samples collected at the lake, the monitoring well, and the spring throughout the dry-down occurrences to monitor hydrochemical changes over these events. Following the dry-down events, the hydrochemical facies at the monitoring well shifted from a calcium magnesium bicarbonate hydrochemical facies to a mixed type hydrochemical facies, followed by a return to the original hydrochemical facies within eight days. A three end-member mixing model between meteoric water, water reacting with minerals in the lakebed formation, and aquifer water suggests that a pulse of lake water diluted the calcium carbonate-rich aquifer water and transported ions from weathered minerals in a confining unit below the lakebed. These chemical impacts were not observed at Wakulla Spring, suggesting that the lake water was undetectable after flowing 32&#xa0;km in the carbonate aquifer. This study showed for the first time in literature that, while lake dry-downs had notable short-term impacts on the water chemistry of karst aquifers, these impacts did not persist over long time periods or long distances.</p>

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Long- and short-term impacts of lake dry-downs on groundwater geochemistry for a sinkhole lake in Florida

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月26日

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  • Kyle Compare,
  • Ming Ye

摘要

Lake Jackson in Florida, USA has experienced multiple lake dry-downs, in which the lake partially drained through sinkholes within the lakebed into the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer. This study focused on the lake dry-downs in 2021–2022 and investigated their impacts on groundwater geochemistry at a groundwater monitoring well about 9 km downgradient of the lake and at Wakulla Spring, a first-magnitude spring about 32 km downgradient of the lake. Major ion concentrations were measured for water samples collected at the lake, the monitoring well, and the spring throughout the dry-down occurrences to monitor hydrochemical changes over these events. Following the dry-down events, the hydrochemical facies at the monitoring well shifted from a calcium magnesium bicarbonate hydrochemical facies to a mixed type hydrochemical facies, followed by a return to the original hydrochemical facies within eight days. A three end-member mixing model between meteoric water, water reacting with minerals in the lakebed formation, and aquifer water suggests that a pulse of lake water diluted the calcium carbonate-rich aquifer water and transported ions from weathered minerals in a confining unit below the lakebed. These chemical impacts were not observed at Wakulla Spring, suggesting that the lake water was undetectable after flowing 32 km in the carbonate aquifer. This study showed for the first time in literature that, while lake dry-downs had notable short-term impacts on the water chemistry of karst aquifers, these impacts did not persist over long time periods or long distances.