<p>The wettability of coal is a key factor influencing the efficiency of coal seam water injection and directly determines the effectiveness of dust control measures. This property is strongly governed by the physicochemical characteristics of the coal surface. To elucidate the effect of coal’s physical structure on its wettability, coal samples were treated with composite solutions of varying concentrations. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments and scanning electron microscopy were employed to quantitatively characterize the surface morphology and pore structure of the treated coal. The potential impact of structural variations on wetting behavior was investigated at the microscale. The results show that with the increase of solution concentration, the internal connectivity of coal is gradually enhanced, and the surface roughness and porosity of coal are also increased, from the original coal sample 0.0757 and 0.0851 to 0.1891 and 0.3045. In addition, after treatment with the composite solution, the two-dimensional fractal dimension (<i>D</i>) of coal gradually grew, increase from 1.642 to 1.588 to 1.814 and 1.869. While the three-dimensional <i>D</i> gradually shrunk, decrease from 2.73 to 2.546 to 2.667 and 2.533. The experiments showed that the smaller the three-dimensional <i>D</i> was, the stronger the coal wettability was. For the coal surface, when the proportion of the coal pore area was larger (i.e., two-dimensional <i>D</i> was larger), the stronger the coal wettability was. The results provide a theoretical basis for dust control.</p>