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<p>This study investigated contamination by cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) in 58 and 105 sediment samples from rivers and lakes, respectively, in the Andong Lake region. River sediments showed metal hotspots, with Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Hg concentrated near the smelter, Ni upstream, and As in some tributaries. In contrast, lake sediments showed higher metal levels in the main channel. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified two primary contamination sources: smelting-derived materials (SDMs) and mine tailings-contaminated sediments (TCSs). PMF factor 1 was linked to Cd (84.6%) and Zn (70.3%) near the smelter, and was ascribed to SDMs, while factor 2, associated with Cr (89.7%), Ni (85.4%), and As (79.6%), was ascribed to TCSs. An empirical model based on the Cd/Pb and Zn/Pb concentration ratios of unaffected sediments effectively discriminated SDM and TCS sources; the results were consistent with those of the PMF model. SDMs contributed 87.6–92.6% of Cd and 72.9–78.9% of Zn in river sediments and 57.7–77.0% of Cd and 32.1–38.1% of Zn in lake sediments. These findings highlight the major role of smelting activities in contaminating sediments, particularly Cd, in the Andong Lake region.</p>

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Identifying mining and smelting contributions to metal contamination in lake and river sediments, South Korea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月21日

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  • Dong-Jin Joe,
  • Man-Sik Choi,
  • Jong-Hyeon Lee,
  • Chan-Kook Kim

摘要

This study investigated contamination by cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) in 58 and 105 sediment samples from rivers and lakes, respectively, in the Andong Lake region. River sediments showed metal hotspots, with Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Hg concentrated near the smelter, Ni upstream, and As in some tributaries. In contrast, lake sediments showed higher metal levels in the main channel. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified two primary contamination sources: smelting-derived materials (SDMs) and mine tailings-contaminated sediments (TCSs). PMF factor 1 was linked to Cd (84.6%) and Zn (70.3%) near the smelter, and was ascribed to SDMs, while factor 2, associated with Cr (89.7%), Ni (85.4%), and As (79.6%), was ascribed to TCSs. An empirical model based on the Cd/Pb and Zn/Pb concentration ratios of unaffected sediments effectively discriminated SDM and TCS sources; the results were consistent with those of the PMF model. SDMs contributed 87.6–92.6% of Cd and 72.9–78.9% of Zn in river sediments and 57.7–77.0% of Cd and 32.1–38.1% of Zn in lake sediments. These findings highlight the major role of smelting activities in contaminating sediments, particularly Cd, in the Andong Lake region.