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Introduction <p>Modern maxillofacial surgery increasingly emphasizes the restoration and regeneration of oral tissues, particularly the hard tissues of the jaws. Bone defects may arise from disease, trauma, or congenital anomalies. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) using barrier membranes is a widely accepted technique for managing such defects. However, standard titanium and PTFE membranes require a secondary surgical procedure for removal, limiting their clinical convenience. Although resorbable collagen membranes avoid this issue, they often lack sufficient structural integrity, making them less effective for vertical or complex bone augmentation.</p> Aim <p>This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of biodegradable membranes based on polylactic acid (PLA), its copolymers, and composite materials for potential use in GBR. In addition, the effects of sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation were assessed to determine an optimal sterilization protocol.</p> Materials and Methods <p>The materials tested included pure PLA, PLA reinforced with hydroxyapatite (PLA/HAP), and polyglycolic acid (PLGA) in two compositions: 85:15 and 60:40. Physicochemical properties and responses to electron beam sterilization (25&#xa0;kGy) were analyzed. Biodegradation was evaluated in phosphate-buffered saline at 37&#xa0;°C. Sample morphology and molecular structure were assessed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</p> Results <p>After one month, PLGA (60:40) samples exhibited approximately 40% mass loss, while PLGA (85:15) showed only about 5%. Pure PLA remained largely intact, with less than 1% mass loss. Non-irradiated PLA/HAP samples degraded inconsistently, with mass loss ranging from negligible to 19%, while irradiated PLA/HAP samples exhibited minimal degradation (up to 2%). This increased stability may be due to radiation-induced crystallinity, though further investigation is needed. In some cases, a slight mass increase was observed, possibly due to water diffusion into deeper composite layers. Among all tested materials, pure PLA demonstrated the highest stability, retaining its shape and showing minimal degradation throughout the study period.</p> Conclusion <p>The results support the potential use of PLA and its copolymers for developing biodegradable membranes in GBR. Ionizing radiation appears to be a viable sterilization method, with minimal impact on material integrity. Further optimization of physicochemical properties and degradation behavior is warranted to facilitate clinical application in maxillofacial surgery.</p>

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In Vitro Analysis of Biodegradation Properties and Sterilization Stability of PLA Membranes for Bone Regeneration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月2日

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  • E. A. Zernitckaia,
  • J. L. Lozada,
  • A. I. Yaremenko,
  • A. P. Reutova,
  • M. A. Markova,
  • Zh. B. Lyutova

摘要

Introduction

Modern maxillofacial surgery increasingly emphasizes the restoration and regeneration of oral tissues, particularly the hard tissues of the jaws. Bone defects may arise from disease, trauma, or congenital anomalies. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) using barrier membranes is a widely accepted technique for managing such defects. However, standard titanium and PTFE membranes require a secondary surgical procedure for removal, limiting their clinical convenience. Although resorbable collagen membranes avoid this issue, they often lack sufficient structural integrity, making them less effective for vertical or complex bone augmentation.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of biodegradable membranes based on polylactic acid (PLA), its copolymers, and composite materials for potential use in GBR. In addition, the effects of sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation were assessed to determine an optimal sterilization protocol.

Materials and Methods

The materials tested included pure PLA, PLA reinforced with hydroxyapatite (PLA/HAP), and polyglycolic acid (PLGA) in two compositions: 85:15 and 60:40. Physicochemical properties and responses to electron beam sterilization (25 kGy) were analyzed. Biodegradation was evaluated in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C. Sample morphology and molecular structure were assessed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

After one month, PLGA (60:40) samples exhibited approximately 40% mass loss, while PLGA (85:15) showed only about 5%. Pure PLA remained largely intact, with less than 1% mass loss. Non-irradiated PLA/HAP samples degraded inconsistently, with mass loss ranging from negligible to 19%, while irradiated PLA/HAP samples exhibited minimal degradation (up to 2%). This increased stability may be due to radiation-induced crystallinity, though further investigation is needed. In some cases, a slight mass increase was observed, possibly due to water diffusion into deeper composite layers. Among all tested materials, pure PLA demonstrated the highest stability, retaining its shape and showing minimal degradation throughout the study period.

Conclusion

The results support the potential use of PLA and its copolymers for developing biodegradable membranes in GBR. Ionizing radiation appears to be a viable sterilization method, with minimal impact on material integrity. Further optimization of physicochemical properties and degradation behavior is warranted to facilitate clinical application in maxillofacial surgery.