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Introduction <p>Football domain-specific self-efficacy expectation represents a&#xa0;significant psychological disposition for football performance and long-term commitment to the sport. Considering the limitations of existing assessment tools, this research project focused on the development and validation of a&#xa0;scale to measure children’s domain-specific self-efficacy expectation in football-related performance situations (SWEIFA‑K scale). The objective was to provide an instrument that enables the investigation of training practices in children’s football with regard to their potential to promote football domain-specific self-efficacy expectation.</p> Methods <p>The development followed a&#xa0;four-step approach for constructing self-report questionnaires for children. In the first three steps, a&#xa0;theory-based development of a&#xa0;content-valid item pool was conducted, covering the key performance situations within the football-domain through challenging can-do statements in a&#xa0;child-appropriate format. In the fourth step, two validation studies were carried out with samples of 545 (<i>M</i> = 9.47 years, <i>SD</i> = 0.60) and 503 (<i>M</i> = 9.31 years, <i>SD</i> = 0.71) football players.</p> Results <p>Findings from an exploratory factor analysis support a&#xa0;two-factor structure of the SWEIFA‑K scale, which was subsequently confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Across both studies, the extracted subscales SWEIFA-Offense and SWEIFA-Defense demonstrated good internal consistency. Furthermore, expected associations with related self-referential cognitions (study&#xa0;I), as well as positive associations with children’s football performance (study&#xa0;II), provide evidence for the construct and criterion validity of the SWEIFA‑K scale. In addition, the scale proved to be strictly measurement invariant across levels of children’s football performance (study&#xa0;II).</p> Conclusion <p>With the SWEIFA‑K scale, a&#xa0;reliable and broadly valid instrument for assessing self-efficacy expectations in football-specific performance situations during middle and late childhood was developed. Its use will enable future training arrangements in children’s football to be examined regarding their suitability for promoting self-efficacy expectations.</p>

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Entwicklung und Validierung einer Skala zur Erfassung der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung in fußballerischen Anforderungssituationen bei Kindern

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Noah Marcel Pirk,
  • Kathrin Kohake,
  • Miriam Seyda

摘要

Introduction

Football domain-specific self-efficacy expectation represents a significant psychological disposition for football performance and long-term commitment to the sport. Considering the limitations of existing assessment tools, this research project focused on the development and validation of a scale to measure children’s domain-specific self-efficacy expectation in football-related performance situations (SWEIFA‑K scale). The objective was to provide an instrument that enables the investigation of training practices in children’s football with regard to their potential to promote football domain-specific self-efficacy expectation.

Methods

The development followed a four-step approach for constructing self-report questionnaires for children. In the first three steps, a theory-based development of a content-valid item pool was conducted, covering the key performance situations within the football-domain through challenging can-do statements in a child-appropriate format. In the fourth step, two validation studies were carried out with samples of 545 (M = 9.47 years, SD = 0.60) and 503 (M = 9.31 years, SD = 0.71) football players.

Results

Findings from an exploratory factor analysis support a two-factor structure of the SWEIFA‑K scale, which was subsequently confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Across both studies, the extracted subscales SWEIFA-Offense and SWEIFA-Defense demonstrated good internal consistency. Furthermore, expected associations with related self-referential cognitions (study I), as well as positive associations with children’s football performance (study II), provide evidence for the construct and criterion validity of the SWEIFA‑K scale. In addition, the scale proved to be strictly measurement invariant across levels of children’s football performance (study II).

Conclusion

With the SWEIFA‑K scale, a reliable and broadly valid instrument for assessing self-efficacy expectations in football-specific performance situations during middle and late childhood was developed. Its use will enable future training arrangements in children’s football to be examined regarding their suitability for promoting self-efficacy expectations.