<p>Critical Infrastructure (CI) refers to the essential areas made up of public, private, and business sectors for the security of a country's development, such as electricity, water, health, education, etc. where information technologies (ITs) and operational technologies (OTs) enable automation services of CI. Currently, blockchain is being experimented in various CI sectors and any CI sector accumulates the data of millions of people in a country or nation from which big data is being generated. Big data connections are seen with large-scale blockchain networks because as the size of the blockchain network increases, so does the amount of connected data. Typically, the blockchain does not support asynchronous and simultaneous processes that indicate multiple block compilation does not allow at the same time for the blockchain systems. That is why high energy consumption, high bandwidth dependency, long-time computation, high mining process, and system slowness issues are seen on large-scale blockchain networks where big data is also connected. However, Hashgraph is an alternative distributed ledger technology (DLT) to blockchain and is also considered a consensus method that supports Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (ABFT) as well as simultaneous process. Moreover, Hashgraph does not need mining and network node verification processes which saves bandwidth. In this research, we proposed a Hashgraph-enabled blockchain model for reducing the above issues and illustrated the adoption of IT-enabled OT to support CI. In addition, this manuscript discusses how the proposed model can create positive impacts in CI areas by replacing traditional blockchain systems.</p>

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Hashgraph consensus-based simultaneous, asynchronous and big-data supported blockchain mechanism for IT-OT enabled critical infrastructure sectors

  • Mohammad Kamrul Hasan,
  • Taher M. Ghazal,
  • Ghassan Issa,
  • Shayla Islam,
  • Ahmad Fadzil Ismail,
  • S. Rayhan Kabir

摘要

Critical Infrastructure (CI) refers to the essential areas made up of public, private, and business sectors for the security of a country's development, such as electricity, water, health, education, etc. where information technologies (ITs) and operational technologies (OTs) enable automation services of CI. Currently, blockchain is being experimented in various CI sectors and any CI sector accumulates the data of millions of people in a country or nation from which big data is being generated. Big data connections are seen with large-scale blockchain networks because as the size of the blockchain network increases, so does the amount of connected data. Typically, the blockchain does not support asynchronous and simultaneous processes that indicate multiple block compilation does not allow at the same time for the blockchain systems. That is why high energy consumption, high bandwidth dependency, long-time computation, high mining process, and system slowness issues are seen on large-scale blockchain networks where big data is also connected. However, Hashgraph is an alternative distributed ledger technology (DLT) to blockchain and is also considered a consensus method that supports Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (ABFT) as well as simultaneous process. Moreover, Hashgraph does not need mining and network node verification processes which saves bandwidth. In this research, we proposed a Hashgraph-enabled blockchain model for reducing the above issues and illustrated the adoption of IT-enabled OT to support CI. In addition, this manuscript discusses how the proposed model can create positive impacts in CI areas by replacing traditional blockchain systems.