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<p>The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative to conventional physicochemical methods. This study reports the one-pot biosynthesis of AgNPs using an aqueous leaf extract of Pogostemon benghalensis (pb-AgNPs), a medicinal plant rich in polyphenolic compounds. The formation of pb-AgNPs was initially confirmed by a visual color change from pale yellow to dark brown and further characterized by a suite of analytical techniques. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 440&#xa0;nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified key functional groups from alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, and amines, which acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of metallic silver. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measured a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 113.6&#xa0;nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.262, indicating a moderately polydisperse system, while zeta potential analysis suggested weak surface charge but steric stabilization by phytochemicals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 40 to 90&#xa0;nm, showing some aggregation. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirmed silver as the primary elemental component, along with carbon and oxygen from the capping phytochemicals. The pb-AgNPs demonstrated dose-dependent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae) pathogens, with V. cholerae exhibiting the highest sensitivity. They also displayed considerable antioxidant capacity in DPPH, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and phosphomolybdenum assays, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 60.69&#xa0;µg/mL, 35.94&#xa0;µg/mL, and 47.28&#xa0;µg/mL, respectively. Most importantly, pb-AgNPs exhibited potent, dose-dependent cytotoxicity against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 47&#xa0;µg/mL. Mechanistic studies using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) dual staining revealed that cell death occurred via apoptosis, evidenced by characteristic morphological changes including chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the appearance of orange-red fluorescence in treated cells. These findings establish pb-AgNPs as a promising, multi-functional bio-nanomaterial with potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, warranting further in vivo investigations for therapeutic applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pogostemon benghalensis Extract: Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Potential Against A549 Lung Cancer Cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Ghufran Ashour Hammood,
  • Rusul Salleh Abdulhadi,
  • Zena Ibraheem Jasim,
  • Ahmed B. Taha

摘要

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative to conventional physicochemical methods. This study reports the one-pot biosynthesis of AgNPs using an aqueous leaf extract of Pogostemon benghalensis (pb-AgNPs), a medicinal plant rich in polyphenolic compounds. The formation of pb-AgNPs was initially confirmed by a visual color change from pale yellow to dark brown and further characterized by a suite of analytical techniques. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 440 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified key functional groups from alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, and amines, which acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of metallic silver. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measured a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 113.6 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.262, indicating a moderately polydisperse system, while zeta potential analysis suggested weak surface charge but steric stabilization by phytochemicals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 40 to 90 nm, showing some aggregation. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirmed silver as the primary elemental component, along with carbon and oxygen from the capping phytochemicals. The pb-AgNPs demonstrated dose-dependent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae) pathogens, with V. cholerae exhibiting the highest sensitivity. They also displayed considerable antioxidant capacity in DPPH, H2O2, and phosphomolybdenum assays, with IC50 values of 60.69 µg/mL, 35.94 µg/mL, and 47.28 µg/mL, respectively. Most importantly, pb-AgNPs exhibited potent, dose-dependent cytotoxicity against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, with an IC50 of 47 µg/mL. Mechanistic studies using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) dual staining revealed that cell death occurred via apoptosis, evidenced by characteristic morphological changes including chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the appearance of orange-red fluorescence in treated cells. These findings establish pb-AgNPs as a promising, multi-functional bio-nanomaterial with potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, warranting further in vivo investigations for therapeutic applications.

Graphical Abstract