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<p>Soft soils, characterized by high compressibility, low shear strength, and excessive settlement, pose significant engineering challenges. To mitigate these issues and reduce cement dependency, a novel 100% solid waste-based binder system was developed for sustainable soil stabilization. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), lithium slag (LS), and steel slag (SS) were used as aluminosilicate precursors, while calcium carbide slag (CCS) acted as the sole alkaline activator, eliminating the need for additional alkalis. The mechanical properties and hydration mechanisms of stabilized soils were investigated using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). UCS results indicated that the strength was strongly influenced by precursor composition and CCS dosage, with the optimal LS-to-SS ratio (1:2–2:1) providing the highest strengths at 7d and 28d. Moderate CCS content ensured effective precursor activation, while excessive CCS led to gel decomposition and heterogeneous microstructures. XRD and SEM analyses identified C–S–H, AFt, and C–A–S–H as key hydration products, forming dense networks that enhanced soil strength. In addition, a simplified cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) and product carbon footprint (PCF) analysis showed that the optimized waste-based mixtures exhibited substantially lower total carbon emissions and energy consumption, as well as markedly improved strength-normalized environmental efficiency. The binder met Grade III UCS requirements, confirming its suitability as a sustainable, low-carbon alternative for soft soil stabilization.</p>

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Green and Sustainable Soft Soil Stabilization Using Solid Wastes: A Binder System of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Lithium Slag, Steel Slag, and Calcium Carbide Slag

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Wenliang Liu,
  • Yannian Zhang,
  • Qingjie Wang,
  • Yunzhi Shang,
  • Jvhong Xia

摘要

Soft soils, characterized by high compressibility, low shear strength, and excessive settlement, pose significant engineering challenges. To mitigate these issues and reduce cement dependency, a novel 100% solid waste-based binder system was developed for sustainable soil stabilization. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), lithium slag (LS), and steel slag (SS) were used as aluminosilicate precursors, while calcium carbide slag (CCS) acted as the sole alkaline activator, eliminating the need for additional alkalis. The mechanical properties and hydration mechanisms of stabilized soils were investigated using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). UCS results indicated that the strength was strongly influenced by precursor composition and CCS dosage, with the optimal LS-to-SS ratio (1:2–2:1) providing the highest strengths at 7d and 28d. Moderate CCS content ensured effective precursor activation, while excessive CCS led to gel decomposition and heterogeneous microstructures. XRD and SEM analyses identified C–S–H, AFt, and C–A–S–H as key hydration products, forming dense networks that enhanced soil strength. In addition, a simplified cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) and product carbon footprint (PCF) analysis showed that the optimized waste-based mixtures exhibited substantially lower total carbon emissions and energy consumption, as well as markedly improved strength-normalized environmental efficiency. The binder met Grade III UCS requirements, confirming its suitability as a sustainable, low-carbon alternative for soft soil stabilization.