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<p>Valorizing lignin from agricultural residues offers a sustainable route to eco-friendly chemical production. In the present study, lignin was extracted from agro-residues—rice straw, coconut coir, eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse, and corn stalk—using kraft &amp; soda pulping. Extracted lignin was evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and structural analysis. Rice straw’s lignin showed the highest yield (379.7 ± 1.9&#xa0;mg/g, Kraft), with the highest phenolic content (21.9 ± 0.3&#xa0;mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (87.3 ± 0.5% DPPH; 24.8% ABTS). Antibacterial assays demonstrated inhibition zones of 11.5, 13, 18, and 17.25&#xa0;mm against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, respectively, with a MIC of 4&#xa0;mg/ml for each strain.Characteristic bands in FTIR spectra for O–H stretching (3406&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>), C–H stretching (~ 2900&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>), and aromatic skeletal vibrations (1596, 1510&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>), consistent with guaiacyl and syringyl subunits. UV–Vis spectra revealed peaks at 260–265&#xa0;nm, indicative of aromatic π–π* transitions. <sup>1</sup>H NMR exhibited signals for aromatic, methoxy, and phenolic hydroxyl groups, reflecting a condensed, phenolic-rich structure. Rice straw lignin shows high ash content (29.54%) and elemental composition: carbon (31.07%), hydrogen (5.09%), nitrogen (1.51%), and oxygen (27.06%). Results demonstrate that rice straw lignin possesses high yield, high phenolic content, potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and emerges as a promising candidate for high-value applications in antioxidant and antimicrobial formulations.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Structural and Functional Characterization of Rice Straw Lignin Selected Through Multi-Biomass Screening

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Indu Wala,
  • Suzena Das,
  • Devender Kumar Sharma,
  • Sonu Rahi,
  • Deepak Kumar Rahi

摘要

Valorizing lignin from agricultural residues offers a sustainable route to eco-friendly chemical production. In the present study, lignin was extracted from agro-residues—rice straw, coconut coir, eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse, and corn stalk—using kraft & soda pulping. Extracted lignin was evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and structural analysis. Rice straw’s lignin showed the highest yield (379.7 ± 1.9 mg/g, Kraft), with the highest phenolic content (21.9 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (87.3 ± 0.5% DPPH; 24.8% ABTS). Antibacterial assays demonstrated inhibition zones of 11.5, 13, 18, and 17.25 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, with a MIC of 4 mg/ml for each strain.Characteristic bands in FTIR spectra for O–H stretching (3406 cm⁻1), C–H stretching (~ 2900 cm⁻1), and aromatic skeletal vibrations (1596, 1510 cm⁻1), consistent with guaiacyl and syringyl subunits. UV–Vis spectra revealed peaks at 260–265 nm, indicative of aromatic π–π* transitions. 1H NMR exhibited signals for aromatic, methoxy, and phenolic hydroxyl groups, reflecting a condensed, phenolic-rich structure. Rice straw lignin shows high ash content (29.54%) and elemental composition: carbon (31.07%), hydrogen (5.09%), nitrogen (1.51%), and oxygen (27.06%). Results demonstrate that rice straw lignin possesses high yield, high phenolic content, potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and emerges as a promising candidate for high-value applications in antioxidant and antimicrobial formulations.

Graphical Abstract