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<p>Algae-based biorefineries represent a transformative paradigm in the circular bioeconomy, capable of coupling carbon capture, biomass valorization and green nanotechnology within a unified production system. This review produces recent progress in integrating micro- and macroalgal feedstocks for multi-product cascades encompassing fuels, high-value biochemicals and nanobiomaterials. Mechanistic insights into intracellular and extracellular nanoparticle biosynthesis are discussed, emphasizing the roles of polysaccharides, proteins and phenolics as reducing and capping agents. The resulting metallic, oxide and carbon nanostructures exhibit broad biomedical, industrial and environmental applicability from antimicrobial wound dressings and photothermal therapeutics to catalysts, sensors and wastewater-remediation platforms. Comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessments reveal that nanomaterial co-production significantly improves profitability and reduces greenhouse gas emissions, enabling carbon-negative operations. Remaining challenges include feedstock variability, process scale-up and standardization of nanoparticle safety evaluation. Future directions emphasize synthetic-biology strain optimization, AI-assisted process control and decentralized modular deployment. Collectively, algae-derived nanobiomaterials redefine the scope of biorefineries as sustainable, high-value manufacturing ecosystems driving the transition toward a regenerative, low-carbon economy.</p> Graphical Abstract

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Algal Biorefineries for a Circular Bioeconomy: Integrating Nanobiomaterial Synthesis, Multi-Product Valorization and Sustainable Manufacturing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Punniyakotti Parthipan,
  • Murali Santhoshkumar,
  • D. Shanmugapriya,
  • Nallusamy Duraisamy,
  • Mohammed Mujahid Alam,
  • Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi,
  • Kuppusamy Sathishkumar

摘要

Algae-based biorefineries represent a transformative paradigm in the circular bioeconomy, capable of coupling carbon capture, biomass valorization and green nanotechnology within a unified production system. This review produces recent progress in integrating micro- and macroalgal feedstocks for multi-product cascades encompassing fuels, high-value biochemicals and nanobiomaterials. Mechanistic insights into intracellular and extracellular nanoparticle biosynthesis are discussed, emphasizing the roles of polysaccharides, proteins and phenolics as reducing and capping agents. The resulting metallic, oxide and carbon nanostructures exhibit broad biomedical, industrial and environmental applicability from antimicrobial wound dressings and photothermal therapeutics to catalysts, sensors and wastewater-remediation platforms. Comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessments reveal that nanomaterial co-production significantly improves profitability and reduces greenhouse gas emissions, enabling carbon-negative operations. Remaining challenges include feedstock variability, process scale-up and standardization of nanoparticle safety evaluation. Future directions emphasize synthetic-biology strain optimization, AI-assisted process control and decentralized modular deployment. Collectively, algae-derived nanobiomaterials redefine the scope of biorefineries as sustainable, high-value manufacturing ecosystems driving the transition toward a regenerative, low-carbon economy.

Graphical Abstract