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<p>This review paper offers comprehensive scientific research on anaerobic digestion (AD), its commercialization, and its role within the circular bioeconomy, with a focus on agricultural biomass. The increasing depletion and environmental impact of fossil fuels are driving the shift towards AD of agricultural biomass to renewable natural gas (RNG) production. Solid state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) is emerging as a more cost-effective and stable alternative to liquid state anaerobic digestion (LSAD), offering higher volumetric methane yields. However, further research is needed to scale SSAD commercially. The paper identifies the primary challenges in digesting agriculture&#xa0;biomass mainly due to its complex, recalcitrant structure composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Various fractionation and pretreatment methods are reviewed, including chemical, mechanical, biological, thermo-physical and thermochemical techniques, with alkali treatment and steam explosion noted for their effectiveness. Nevertheless, these pretreatments can generate inhibitory compounds (e.g., phenolic compounds, furfural) that may hinder microbial activity, underscoring a critical need&#xa0;for future investigation. Additionally, the review examines the global commercialization of biogas plants, discusses the barriers encountered within this sector and the circular bioeconomy framework, and offers recommendations for advancing research and development to support sustainable growth in the industry.</p> Graphical abstract

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Agricultural Biomass to Renewable Natural Gas: A Review of Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion and Pretreatment Strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Bashu Gautam,
  • Xue Li,
  • Edmund Mupondwa,
  • Raju Soolanayakanahally,
  • Ajay Kumar Dalai,
  • Bishnu Acharya

摘要

This review paper offers comprehensive scientific research on anaerobic digestion (AD), its commercialization, and its role within the circular bioeconomy, with a focus on agricultural biomass. The increasing depletion and environmental impact of fossil fuels are driving the shift towards AD of agricultural biomass to renewable natural gas (RNG) production. Solid state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) is emerging as a more cost-effective and stable alternative to liquid state anaerobic digestion (LSAD), offering higher volumetric methane yields. However, further research is needed to scale SSAD commercially. The paper identifies the primary challenges in digesting agriculture biomass mainly due to its complex, recalcitrant structure composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Various fractionation and pretreatment methods are reviewed, including chemical, mechanical, biological, thermo-physical and thermochemical techniques, with alkali treatment and steam explosion noted for their effectiveness. Nevertheless, these pretreatments can generate inhibitory compounds (e.g., phenolic compounds, furfural) that may hinder microbial activity, underscoring a critical need for future investigation. Additionally, the review examines the global commercialization of biogas plants, discusses the barriers encountered within this sector and the circular bioeconomy framework, and offers recommendations for advancing research and development to support sustainable growth in the industry.

Graphical abstract