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Purpose <p>Red mud, a solid by-product of bauxite ore processing, has significant management challenges due to the high alkalinity, large volume, and complex polymetallic composition. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate a two-stage, low-temperature process that couples bacteria iron reduction with plant-mediated phytoreduction can valorized red mud into functional iron-based nanomaterials.</p> Methods <p>In the first stage, indigenous iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) were used to transform iron while conditioning the system by increasing Fe(II) and lowering red mud alkalinity. In the second stage, green tea extract was used as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize bio-derived iron-based nanoparticle (BDINP) from the bacterial reduction filtrate. Subsequently, BDINP was evaluated for the antibacterial activity and co-catalytic performance in photo Fenton system for methyl orange (MO) degradation.</p> Result <p><i>Halalkalibacterium halodurans</i> showed the most effective performance to enhance Fe(II) formation (1.39&#xa0;mM) and pH reduction from 10 to 4.78. The results showed that the co-catalytic system consisting of BDINP-H/Fe(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2.</sub>6H<sub>2</sub>O/TiO<sub>2</sub> demonstrated a maximum MO degradation efficiency of 93.63%. In addition, BDINP-H showed inhibitory effects against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus w</i>ith inhibition zone 5.5 ± 0.06&#xa0;mm and 6.5 ± 0.06&#xa0;mm respectively.</p> Conclusion <p>This approach demonstrate a laboratory-scale route to couple biological conditioning of red mud with phytochemical nanoparticle synthesis yielding BDINP with catalytic and antibacterial functionality, and supporting integrated environmental remediation with waste valorization concepts.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bioreduction of Red Mud with Two Stages (Bacteriology-Phytoreduction) to Synthesize "Bio-Derived Iron-Based Nanoparticle (BDINP)"

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月12日

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  • Shintawati,
  • Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus,
  • Akhmad Subkhan,
  • Yekti Asih Purwestri,
  • Widi Astuti

摘要

Purpose

Red mud, a solid by-product of bauxite ore processing, has significant management challenges due to the high alkalinity, large volume, and complex polymetallic composition. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate a two-stage, low-temperature process that couples bacteria iron reduction with plant-mediated phytoreduction can valorized red mud into functional iron-based nanomaterials.

Methods

In the first stage, indigenous iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) were used to transform iron while conditioning the system by increasing Fe(II) and lowering red mud alkalinity. In the second stage, green tea extract was used as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize bio-derived iron-based nanoparticle (BDINP) from the bacterial reduction filtrate. Subsequently, BDINP was evaluated for the antibacterial activity and co-catalytic performance in photo Fenton system for methyl orange (MO) degradation.

Result

Halalkalibacterium halodurans showed the most effective performance to enhance Fe(II) formation (1.39 mM) and pH reduction from 10 to 4.78. The results showed that the co-catalytic system consisting of BDINP-H/Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O/TiO2 demonstrated a maximum MO degradation efficiency of 93.63%. In addition, BDINP-H showed inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone 5.5 ± 0.06 mm and 6.5 ± 0.06 mm respectively.

Conclusion

This approach demonstrate a laboratory-scale route to couple biological conditioning of red mud with phytochemical nanoparticle synthesis yielding BDINP with catalytic and antibacterial functionality, and supporting integrated environmental remediation with waste valorization concepts.

Graphical Abstract