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<p>The continuous rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, currently exceeding 420&#xa0;ppm, demands scalable, energy-efficient, and biologically driven mitigation strategies aligned with global sustainability goals. So, this study critically evaluates carbon sequestration potential of <i>Spirulina</i> spp., focusing on <i>S. platensis</i> and <i>S. maxima</i>, as model organisms for CO<sub>2</sub> biofixation and biomass valorization, directly contributing to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Experimental data show that under optimized conditions, <i>S. platensis</i> exhibited biomass productivity of 0.23–0.25&#xa0;g/l/day and photosynthetic efficiency of 7–10%, while <i>S. maxima</i> produced up to 65% protein by dry weight, supporting SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin levels in <i>S. platensis</i> (12.4 and 14.7&#xa0;mg/g, respectively) exceeded those in <i>S. maxima</i> by 18–20%. Mechanistic analyses revealed active carbon-concentrating mechanisms, including carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase activity (3.8&#xa0;μmol CO<sub>2</sub>/mg protein/min) and upregulated CBB cycle genes (<i>rbcL</i>, <i>prk</i>, <i>fba</i>) under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (~ 1000&#xa0;ppm). Life Cycle Assessment suggests net CO<sub>2</sub> capture of 1.6–2.4&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kg biomass using saline or wastewater substrates, promoting SDG 6 and SDG 12. Integrating these systems with downstream processes like biochar, biopolymers, and biofertilizers supports the circular bioeconomy and SDGs 9 and 11. However, dewatering (35% of total energy) and high costs (₹ 267–376/kg biomass) remain key barriers. Future work should prioritize strain improvement via metabolic and genome editing, techno-economic optimization, and valorization of underexplored taxa such as <i>S. subsalsa</i> to enhance overall carbon capture efficiency.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Evaluating the Carbon Sequestration Potential of Spirulina spp.: Mechanistic Insights and Prospects for Industrial Valorization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Ajay Singh,
  • Rahul Gaur

摘要

The continuous rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, currently exceeding 420 ppm, demands scalable, energy-efficient, and biologically driven mitigation strategies aligned with global sustainability goals. So, this study critically evaluates carbon sequestration potential of Spirulina spp., focusing on S. platensis and S. maxima, as model organisms for CO2 biofixation and biomass valorization, directly contributing to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Experimental data show that under optimized conditions, S. platensis exhibited biomass productivity of 0.23–0.25 g/l/day and photosynthetic efficiency of 7–10%, while S. maxima produced up to 65% protein by dry weight, supporting SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin levels in S. platensis (12.4 and 14.7 mg/g, respectively) exceeded those in S. maxima by 18–20%. Mechanistic analyses revealed active carbon-concentrating mechanisms, including carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase activity (3.8 μmol CO2/mg protein/min) and upregulated CBB cycle genes (rbcL, prk, fba) under elevated CO2 (~ 1000 ppm). Life Cycle Assessment suggests net CO2 capture of 1.6–2.4 kg CO2/kg biomass using saline or wastewater substrates, promoting SDG 6 and SDG 12. Integrating these systems with downstream processes like biochar, biopolymers, and biofertilizers supports the circular bioeconomy and SDGs 9 and 11. However, dewatering (35% of total energy) and high costs (₹ 267–376/kg biomass) remain key barriers. Future work should prioritize strain improvement via metabolic and genome editing, techno-economic optimization, and valorization of underexplored taxa such as S. subsalsa to enhance overall carbon capture efficiency.

Graphical Abstract