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<p>The development of high-performance, multifunctional composites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties is critical for advanced engineering applications. This study investigates vinyl ester-based composites reinforced with untreated and silane-treated pineapple fibers, along with varying concentrations of collagen filler, to evaluate their potential for structural and functional enhancement. It is hypothesized that silane treatment and optimal collagen loading would synergistically improve fiber-matrix adhesion, thereby enhancing mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, water resistance, and flame retardancy. Composites were fabricated with 30% V/V pineapple fiber and 1–5% V/V collagen, and characterized for tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, thermal conductivity, water absorption, and flame propagation properties. Microstructural features were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to correlate morphology with performance. Among the formulations, the silane-treated composite BPT2 (30% V/V treated pineapple fiber and 3% V/V collagen) exhibited the highest mechanical properties, achieving 153&#xa0;MPa in tensile strength, 173&#xa0;MPa in flexural strength, 3.8&#xa0;kJ/m<sup>2</sup> in impact strength, and 92 Shore-D hardness, attributed to enhanced interfacial bonding and the reinforcing effect of collagen. The composite BPT3 (5% V/V collagen) showed superior thermal conductivity of 0.424&#xa0;W/mK, associated with continuous thermal pathways, and the lowest flame propagation speed of 7.04&#xa0;mm/min, due to collagen’s char-forming flame-retardant behavior and the dense, thermally stable structure of silane-treated fibers. The base resin exhibited minimal water absorption (0.3%), reflecting its dense, hydrophobic network with no hydrophilic fillers. SEM analysis confirmed improved fiber dispersion and adhesion in treated composites, supporting the observed enhancements. These multifunctional composites demonstrate potential for applications in automotive, aerospace, marine, biomedical, structural, and packaging sectors.</p> Graphical abstract

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Development and Characterization of Fish Skin Waste Derived Collagen Toughened Pineapple Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • S. K. Sarath Kumar,
  • C. Senthamarai Kannan

摘要

The development of high-performance, multifunctional composites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties is critical for advanced engineering applications. This study investigates vinyl ester-based composites reinforced with untreated and silane-treated pineapple fibers, along with varying concentrations of collagen filler, to evaluate their potential for structural and functional enhancement. It is hypothesized that silane treatment and optimal collagen loading would synergistically improve fiber-matrix adhesion, thereby enhancing mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, water resistance, and flame retardancy. Composites were fabricated with 30% V/V pineapple fiber and 1–5% V/V collagen, and characterized for tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, thermal conductivity, water absorption, and flame propagation properties. Microstructural features were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to correlate morphology with performance. Among the formulations, the silane-treated composite BPT2 (30% V/V treated pineapple fiber and 3% V/V collagen) exhibited the highest mechanical properties, achieving 153 MPa in tensile strength, 173 MPa in flexural strength, 3.8 kJ/m2 in impact strength, and 92 Shore-D hardness, attributed to enhanced interfacial bonding and the reinforcing effect of collagen. The composite BPT3 (5% V/V collagen) showed superior thermal conductivity of 0.424 W/mK, associated with continuous thermal pathways, and the lowest flame propagation speed of 7.04 mm/min, due to collagen’s char-forming flame-retardant behavior and the dense, thermally stable structure of silane-treated fibers. The base resin exhibited minimal water absorption (0.3%), reflecting its dense, hydrophobic network with no hydrophilic fillers. SEM analysis confirmed improved fiber dispersion and adhesion in treated composites, supporting the observed enhancements. These multifunctional composites demonstrate potential for applications in automotive, aerospace, marine, biomedical, structural, and packaging sectors.

Graphical abstract