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<p>The objective of the study was to optimize the conditions of polyphenol extraction from jamun seeds employing mixture of ethanol–water as solvent and to demonstrate the feasibility of the membrane process to fractionate the extracted phenolic compounds with desired selectivity. The optimal extraction condition (temperature: 60&#xa0;°C, time: 53.5&#xa0;min, solvent-to-solid ratio: 50&#xa0;mL/g, and solvent composition: 66.4% v/v of ethanol) was obtained by employing response surface methodology with central composite design imposing the conditions of simultaneous maximization of response variables (extraction yield, purity of total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), and the antioxidant activity of the extract) using desirability function approach. Under the optimal conditions, extract exhibited maximum TPC (524&#xa0;mg GAE/g DE), TFC (104&#xa0;mg QE/g DE), DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (87.7%), and extraction yield (235&#xa0;mg DE/g seed). The existence of kinetic and thermodynamic compensations was studied. The extracts obtained under optimal conditions were fractionated by flat sheet ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off (1, 3, and 5&#xa0;kDa) in a stirred batch cell and the performance of different membranes were investigated in terms of permeate flux, flux decline, and selectivity. Hermia’s models based on classical constant pressure dead-end filtration laws were used to identify the dominant fouling mechanism during the fractionation process. Resistance-in-series model was applied to evaluate the contribution of various fouling resistances. During fractionation the 3&#xa0;kDa membrane was found to be most appropriate and resulted a significant improvement in purity for tannic acid and catechin in the retentate stream and for gallic acid and caffeic acid in the permeate stream with respect to the original extract.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Extraction and Membrane-Based Fractionation of Phenolic Compounds from Jamun Seeds Using Aqueous-Ethanolic Solvent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月4日

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  • Upasna Balyan,
  • Anshul Dhaliwal,
  • Biswajit Sarkar

摘要

The objective of the study was to optimize the conditions of polyphenol extraction from jamun seeds employing mixture of ethanol–water as solvent and to demonstrate the feasibility of the membrane process to fractionate the extracted phenolic compounds with desired selectivity. The optimal extraction condition (temperature: 60 °C, time: 53.5 min, solvent-to-solid ratio: 50 mL/g, and solvent composition: 66.4% v/v of ethanol) was obtained by employing response surface methodology with central composite design imposing the conditions of simultaneous maximization of response variables (extraction yield, purity of total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), and the antioxidant activity of the extract) using desirability function approach. Under the optimal conditions, extract exhibited maximum TPC (524 mg GAE/g DE), TFC (104 mg QE/g DE), DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (87.7%), and extraction yield (235 mg DE/g seed). The existence of kinetic and thermodynamic compensations was studied. The extracts obtained under optimal conditions were fractionated by flat sheet ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off (1, 3, and 5 kDa) in a stirred batch cell and the performance of different membranes were investigated in terms of permeate flux, flux decline, and selectivity. Hermia’s models based on classical constant pressure dead-end filtration laws were used to identify the dominant fouling mechanism during the fractionation process. Resistance-in-series model was applied to evaluate the contribution of various fouling resistances. During fractionation the 3 kDa membrane was found to be most appropriate and resulted a significant improvement in purity for tannic acid and catechin in the retentate stream and for gallic acid and caffeic acid in the permeate stream with respect to the original extract.

Graphical Abstract