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<p>Kaurenoic acid (KA) is a diterpenoid with recognized anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, but its use as a functional ingredient is limited by sustainability concerns associated with plant extraction and by its poor water solubility. This study evaluates whether kaurenoic acid produced through synthetic biology (S-KA) differs from a commercially available natural-derived standard (G-KA) and assesses the bioactivity of S-KA and its more soluble sodium salt derivative (KNa). GC–MS analysis revealed that S-KA possessed higher purity (99.06%) than the commercial equivalent (98.83%). Structural characterization via FTIR-ATR, DSC, and XRD confirmed that S-KA is structurally equivalent to natural KA. The synthesis of KNa successfully addressed the molecule’s hydrophobicity, increasing water solubility by approximately 300-fold (3.87&#xa0;mg/mL) compared to the free acid (0.013&#xa0;mg/mL). Regarding biological activity, both S-KA and KNa showed no cytotoxicity towards human macrophages and keratinocytes up to 60&#xa0;µg/mL. In anti-inflammatory assays, both compounds significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in specific patterns comparable to betamethasone, while exhibiting a distinct total inhibition of IL-10. Furthermore, S-KA and KNa demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ranging from 25 to 50&#xa0;µg/mL against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>. These findings demonstrate that synthetic biology offers a sustainable, high-purity alternative to natural extraction, and that salt derivation effectively overcomes solubility barriers for food and dermal applications.</p>

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Biocompatibility, Anti-inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Properties of Kaurenoic Acid Recovered from Synthetic Biology By-Products: A Sustainable Approach to Food Bioactives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Lígia Pimentel,
  • Francisca Teixeira,
  • Ana Soares,
  • Paula Costa,
  • Ana Luiza Fontes,
  • Susana Vidigal,
  • Manuela Pintado,
  • Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Alcalá

摘要

Kaurenoic acid (KA) is a diterpenoid with recognized anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, but its use as a functional ingredient is limited by sustainability concerns associated with plant extraction and by its poor water solubility. This study evaluates whether kaurenoic acid produced through synthetic biology (S-KA) differs from a commercially available natural-derived standard (G-KA) and assesses the bioactivity of S-KA and its more soluble sodium salt derivative (KNa). GC–MS analysis revealed that S-KA possessed higher purity (99.06%) than the commercial equivalent (98.83%). Structural characterization via FTIR-ATR, DSC, and XRD confirmed that S-KA is structurally equivalent to natural KA. The synthesis of KNa successfully addressed the molecule’s hydrophobicity, increasing water solubility by approximately 300-fold (3.87 mg/mL) compared to the free acid (0.013 mg/mL). Regarding biological activity, both S-KA and KNa showed no cytotoxicity towards human macrophages and keratinocytes up to 60 µg/mL. In anti-inflammatory assays, both compounds significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in specific patterns comparable to betamethasone, while exhibiting a distinct total inhibition of IL-10. Furthermore, S-KA and KNa demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ranging from 25 to 50 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These findings demonstrate that synthetic biology offers a sustainable, high-purity alternative to natural extraction, and that salt derivation effectively overcomes solubility barriers for food and dermal applications.