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Abstract <p>This study investigates the phytochemical profile and bioactivities of an ethanolic guava leaves extract (GLE), emphasizing its potential therapeutic applications. The extract yielded 13.73 ± 0.26&#xa0;g with high amount of total phenolics (44.95 ± 0.21&#xa0;mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (33.97 ± 0.42&#xa0;mg QE/g). HPLC analysis identified gallic acid as the dominant phenolic compound, along with other bioactive constituents such as caffeic acid, naringenin, and catechin, underscoring GLE’s rich antioxidant potential. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid, FRAP) confirmed strong radical scavenging and reducing power, often comparable or superior to gallic acid and TBHQ. Cytotoxicity studies showed selective toxicity toward A549 lung cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 61.09&#xa0;µg/mL; selectivity index (SI) = 2.21), with minimal effects on normal Vero cells at low concentrations. GLE induced apoptosis by modulating Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression, particularly in A549 cells. Additionally, GLE demonstrated dose-dependent antiviral activity against HSV-2, achieving up to 76% inhibition, and exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, especially versus <i>K. pneumoniae</i> and <i>E. coli</i>. The findings suggest that GLE may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidants and bioactive agents with selective anti-cancer, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. Its broad-spectrum efficacy and low toxicity at therapeutic concentrations support further exploration for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.</p> Statement of Novelty <p>This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of ethanolic guava leaf extract (GLE), demonstrating, for the first time, its ability to modulate Bax upregulation and Bcl-2 downregulation in A549 lung cancer cells, supporting its selective anticancer potential. Unlike previous studies addressing isolated effects, this work integrates antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer assessments, correlating these bioactivities with the extract’s rich phenolic and flavonoid profile. This holistic approach highlights GLE as a promising multifunctional natural therapeutic, offering valuable insights for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.</p>

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Multifaceted Biological Activities of Ethanolic Guava Leaf Extract: Antioxidant, Antiviral, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Hayfa Habes Almutairi,
  • Ahmed Aboelftoh,
  • Hossam S. El-Beltagi,
  • Khaled M. Wahdan,
  • Abdelrahman R. Ahmed,
  • Ali Osman,
  • Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail,
  • Mohamed F. Abo El-Maati

摘要

Abstract

This study investigates the phytochemical profile and bioactivities of an ethanolic guava leaves extract (GLE), emphasizing its potential therapeutic applications. The extract yielded 13.73 ± 0.26 g with high amount of total phenolics (44.95 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (33.97 ± 0.42 mg QE/g). HPLC analysis identified gallic acid as the dominant phenolic compound, along with other bioactive constituents such as caffeic acid, naringenin, and catechin, underscoring GLE’s rich antioxidant potential. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid, FRAP) confirmed strong radical scavenging and reducing power, often comparable or superior to gallic acid and TBHQ. Cytotoxicity studies showed selective toxicity toward A549 lung cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 61.09 µg/mL; selectivity index (SI) = 2.21), with minimal effects on normal Vero cells at low concentrations. GLE induced apoptosis by modulating Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression, particularly in A549 cells. Additionally, GLE demonstrated dose-dependent antiviral activity against HSV-2, achieving up to 76% inhibition, and exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, especially versus K. pneumoniae and E. coli. The findings suggest that GLE may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidants and bioactive agents with selective anti-cancer, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. Its broad-spectrum efficacy and low toxicity at therapeutic concentrations support further exploration for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Statement of Novelty

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of ethanolic guava leaf extract (GLE), demonstrating, for the first time, its ability to modulate Bax upregulation and Bcl-2 downregulation in A549 lung cancer cells, supporting its selective anticancer potential. Unlike previous studies addressing isolated effects, this work integrates antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer assessments, correlating these bioactivities with the extract’s rich phenolic and flavonoid profile. This holistic approach highlights GLE as a promising multifunctional natural therapeutic, offering valuable insights for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.