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<p>Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a nutrient-rich wastewater containing high levels of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, making it a suitable substrate for bioelectrochemical applications. In biophotovoltaic (BPV) systems, anaerobic bacteria play a central role at the anode by oxidizing organic matter and releasing electrons, protons, and carbon dioxide, while microalgae, typically cultured at the cathode, utilize light energy to produce oxygen and fix carbon dioxide. This spatial and functional separation enables simultaneous electricity generation, wastewater remediation, and carbon capture. This review provides a comparative analysis of recent BPV system configurations integrating bacteria and microalgae using POME as both an electron donor and growth medium. Key configurations include: (i) conventional systems with bacteria at the anode and microalgae at the cathode; (ii) mixed cultures where bacteria and microalgae coexist at the anode; and (iii) phototrophic bioanodes with alternative cathodes. Each setup offers unique benefits and faces limitations related to electron transfer efficiency, oxygen diffusion, and biofilm integrity. Current trends point toward the use of microalgal–bacterial consortia for enhanced system stability and nutrient removal. However, scalability remains constrained by low power densities (&lt;100&#xa0;mW/m<sup>2</sup>) and complex metabolic dynamics. Emerging strategies such as biofilm engineering, electrode modification, and metabolic tuning are under exploration to overcome these bottlenecks. Overall, this review highlights POME as a viable feedstock for next-generation BPV systems and underscores the need for optimized microbial integration and system design to advance their environmental and energy applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Integrated Microalgae-Based Biophotovoltaic Systems Using Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Electricity Generation, Biogas Purification, and Bioproduct Valorization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月17日

查看全文
  • Muhamad Maulana Azimatun Nur,
  • Faizah Hadi,
  • Tutik Muji Setyoningrum,
  • Tunjung Wahyu Widayati,
  • Sri Wahyu Murni,
  • Raden Roro Endang Sulistyawati,
  • Mahreni Mahreni,
  • Ira Nurhayati Djarot,
  • Hadiyanto Hadiyanto

摘要

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a nutrient-rich wastewater containing high levels of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, making it a suitable substrate for bioelectrochemical applications. In biophotovoltaic (BPV) systems, anaerobic bacteria play a central role at the anode by oxidizing organic matter and releasing electrons, protons, and carbon dioxide, while microalgae, typically cultured at the cathode, utilize light energy to produce oxygen and fix carbon dioxide. This spatial and functional separation enables simultaneous electricity generation, wastewater remediation, and carbon capture. This review provides a comparative analysis of recent BPV system configurations integrating bacteria and microalgae using POME as both an electron donor and growth medium. Key configurations include: (i) conventional systems with bacteria at the anode and microalgae at the cathode; (ii) mixed cultures where bacteria and microalgae coexist at the anode; and (iii) phototrophic bioanodes with alternative cathodes. Each setup offers unique benefits and faces limitations related to electron transfer efficiency, oxygen diffusion, and biofilm integrity. Current trends point toward the use of microalgal–bacterial consortia for enhanced system stability and nutrient removal. However, scalability remains constrained by low power densities (<100 mW/m2) and complex metabolic dynamics. Emerging strategies such as biofilm engineering, electrode modification, and metabolic tuning are under exploration to overcome these bottlenecks. Overall, this review highlights POME as a viable feedstock for next-generation BPV systems and underscores the need for optimized microbial integration and system design to advance their environmental and energy applications.

Graphical Abstract