Fungal Cultivation in a Dairy Side Stream: Valorisation Potential of Whey into Added-Value Biomass and By-Products
摘要
Here we investigated the potential of fungi to valorise cheese whey into added-value biomass while removing nutrients. Batch cultures of four species (Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium corylophilum, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Penicillium restrictum) were set up in non-supplemented cheese whey in aerated bioreactors. Biomass yields and nutrient removal efficiencies were calculated, and potential biomass uses were assessed through fungal-assisted microalgal (Scenedesmus sp.) harvesting tests and biomass composition analysis. The results demonstrated species-specific differences, with P. corylophilum achieving the highest biomass yield (16.9 g DW L− 1) and the highest overall nutrient removal efficiencies (COD: 43%, TOC: 32%. TN: 54%, TP: 34%). G. candidum showed similarly high carbon removal efficiencies (COD: 43%, TOC: 34%). G. candidum and Scenedesmus sp. were rich in protein with balanced amino acid profiles, P. corylophilum’s fatty acid content and profile were suitable for biodiesel production, and P. ostreatus efficiently harvested Scenedesmus sp. (88% in 1 h) adding to the potential of the biomass. These results show that, with species-specific optimisation, these fungal species have significant potential to convert whey into value-added biomass and high-value by-products, thereby promoting sustainable bioeconomy practices for small-scale dairy producers.