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<p>Organic dyes are widely used in the textile and food industries, but when present in high concentrations, they can pose serious risks to human health, environment, and are considered toxic and carcinogenic. These pollutants can cause a diversity of problems, such as skin staining and even cancer, which makes it urgent to find effective methods for their removal. Among the techniques under study, Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs), especially the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process, have shown promising results. This process involves the combination of an iron-based photocatalyst, an oxidizing agent and UV–Vis radiation. This study innovated by using zinc ferrite (ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) supported on chitin biochar, a material derived from biomass waste. The choice of biochar as a support for ferrite is a novel and significant approach, since in addition to adding greater stability to the photocatalyst, it promotes the use of a sustainable material, helping to mitigate environmental impacts. The composite was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDS and UV–vis, which confirmed the suitability of the ferrite support process on the biochar surface. The composite was then tested for the removal of Methyl Orange, Tartrazine and Methylene Blue dyes from water, achieving removal efficiencies of 100% for Methyl Orange and Tartrazine and 90% for Methylene Blue, after 60&#xa0;min of testing under visible light in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process. These results were significantly better compared to the use of pure ferrite, which degraded only 65, 62 and 60% of the Methyl Orange, Tartrazine and Methylene Blue dyes, respectively, in the same period of time. This increase in the efficiency of the materials supported on the biochar may be related to the lower agglomeration of ferrite and the lower recombination rate between <i>electron/hole</i> pairs, increasing the photocatalyst yield. ⋅OH radicals were identified as the main reactive species responsible for the degradation of dyes. The material proposed in this work proved to be extremely promising for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with organic dyes, standing out as an innovative and efficient solution. Therefore, ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/biochar composite is a promising novel photocatalyst for dye degradation, with proven high stability in up to 5 sequential recycles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Photo-Fenton Process for the Degradation of Methyl Orange, Methylene Blue and Tartrazine Present in Wastewater Using a Green Composite Based on Chitin Biochar and ZnFe2O4

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月28日

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  • Jandira Leichtweis,
  • Ana C. Ferreira Piazzi Fuhr,
  • Nicoly Welter,
  • Luis G. Ramírez Mérida,
  • Elvis Carissimi

摘要

Organic dyes are widely used in the textile and food industries, but when present in high concentrations, they can pose serious risks to human health, environment, and are considered toxic and carcinogenic. These pollutants can cause a diversity of problems, such as skin staining and even cancer, which makes it urgent to find effective methods for their removal. Among the techniques under study, Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs), especially the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process, have shown promising results. This process involves the combination of an iron-based photocatalyst, an oxidizing agent and UV–Vis radiation. This study innovated by using zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) supported on chitin biochar, a material derived from biomass waste. The choice of biochar as a support for ferrite is a novel and significant approach, since in addition to adding greater stability to the photocatalyst, it promotes the use of a sustainable material, helping to mitigate environmental impacts. The composite was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDS and UV–vis, which confirmed the suitability of the ferrite support process on the biochar surface. The composite was then tested for the removal of Methyl Orange, Tartrazine and Methylene Blue dyes from water, achieving removal efficiencies of 100% for Methyl Orange and Tartrazine and 90% for Methylene Blue, after 60 min of testing under visible light in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process. These results were significantly better compared to the use of pure ferrite, which degraded only 65, 62 and 60% of the Methyl Orange, Tartrazine and Methylene Blue dyes, respectively, in the same period of time. This increase in the efficiency of the materials supported on the biochar may be related to the lower agglomeration of ferrite and the lower recombination rate between electron/hole pairs, increasing the photocatalyst yield. ⋅OH radicals were identified as the main reactive species responsible for the degradation of dyes. The material proposed in this work proved to be extremely promising for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with organic dyes, standing out as an innovative and efficient solution. Therefore, ZnFe2O4/biochar composite is a promising novel photocatalyst for dye degradation, with proven high stability in up to 5 sequential recycles.

Graphical Abstract