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<p>In this study, zirconium oxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-green chemical method using <i>Ficus carica</i> (FC) fruit extract as an eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of single-phase cubic ZrO<sub>2</sub> with an average crystallite size ranging from 18 to 34&#xa0;nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical nanoparticles with sizes between 20 and 35&#xa0;nm. The UV–Vis absorption spectra indicated a band gap narrowing from 3.02&#xa0;eV (pure ZrO<sub>2</sub>) to 2.51&#xa0;eV (0.5&#xa0;M ZrO<sub>2</sub>/FC). BET surface area analysis showed a significant increase from 56.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g for pure ZrO<sub>2</sub> to 83.5 m<sup>2</sup>/g for 0.5&#xa0;M ZrO<sub>2</sub>/FC. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated under UV irradiation, achieving degradation efficiencies of 98% for methylene blue (MB) and 94% for rhodamine B (RhB) within 90&#xa0;min. Optimization studies indicated that the best performance occurred at pH 5–7, catalyst dosage of 0.001–0.007&#xa0;g, and dye concentration of 40&#xa0;mg/L for MB and 30&#xa0;mg/L for RhB. Furthermore, the 0.5&#xa0;M ZrO<sub>2</sub>/FC photocatalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining over 95% of its initial activity after three consecutive cycles. These findings suggest that the green-synthesized ZrO<sub>2</sub>/FC nanocomposites are highly promising candidates for the sustainable degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater treatment applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Ficus carica Fruit Extract Mediated Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation and Environmental Remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月23日

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  • P. Rajeswaran,
  • P. Balaramesh,
  • B. Vijayakumar,
  • Vivek Panyam Muralidharan,
  • V. Subha,
  • V. Selvarani

摘要

In this study, zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-green chemical method using Ficus carica (FC) fruit extract as an eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of single-phase cubic ZrO2 with an average crystallite size ranging from 18 to 34 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical nanoparticles with sizes between 20 and 35 nm. The UV–Vis absorption spectra indicated a band gap narrowing from 3.02 eV (pure ZrO2) to 2.51 eV (0.5 M ZrO2/FC). BET surface area analysis showed a significant increase from 56.2 m2/g for pure ZrO2 to 83.5 m2/g for 0.5 M ZrO2/FC. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated under UV irradiation, achieving degradation efficiencies of 98% for methylene blue (MB) and 94% for rhodamine B (RhB) within 90 min. Optimization studies indicated that the best performance occurred at pH 5–7, catalyst dosage of 0.001–0.007 g, and dye concentration of 40 mg/L for MB and 30 mg/L for RhB. Furthermore, the 0.5 M ZrO2/FC photocatalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining over 95% of its initial activity after three consecutive cycles. These findings suggest that the green-synthesized ZrO2/FC nanocomposites are highly promising candidates for the sustainable degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater treatment applications.

Graphical Abstract