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<p><i>Annona squamosa</i> L. is widely cultivated for its edible fruits in India. After the fruit pulp is removed, the peel that remains is a municipal waste. The purpose of the study was to examine the chemical and biological activity profiles of <i>A. squamosa</i> fruit waste’s hydrodistilled essential oil (ASEO) and supercritical carbon dioxide extract (ASSFE). GC-FID, GC-MS, NMR, and HRMS techniques were employed to analyse the extracts, and in-vitro models were used to assess their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and dermal irritation activity. In all, 105 components were identified. The main components of the ASEO were spathulenol (27.5%), <i>α</i>-pinene (13.6%), <i>β</i>-pinene (8.2%), and limonene (5.0%). Nonetheless, the main components of ASSFE were palmitic acid (10.5%), oleic acid (7.2%), linoleic acid (4.3%), and kaurenoic acid (3.9%). The ASEO showed strong antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Candida albicans,</i> and modest antioxidant activity without causing skin irritation. The findings of this study may help to maximise the medicinal potential of <i>A. squamosa</i> fruit waste.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Chemical Analysis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Fruit Waste Derived Essential Oil and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月1日

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  • Munmun Kumar Singh,
  • Uma Shankar,
  • Suyashi Mishra,
  • Aransha Maurya,
  • Laldingngheti Bawitlung,
  • Swati Singh,
  • Parmanand Kumar,
  • Anirban Pal,
  • Sudeep Tandon,
  • Ram Swaroop Verma

摘要

Annona squamosa L. is widely cultivated for its edible fruits in India. After the fruit pulp is removed, the peel that remains is a municipal waste. The purpose of the study was to examine the chemical and biological activity profiles of A. squamosa fruit waste’s hydrodistilled essential oil (ASEO) and supercritical carbon dioxide extract (ASSFE). GC-FID, GC-MS, NMR, and HRMS techniques were employed to analyse the extracts, and in-vitro models were used to assess their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and dermal irritation activity. In all, 105 components were identified. The main components of the ASEO were spathulenol (27.5%), α-pinene (13.6%), β-pinene (8.2%), and limonene (5.0%). Nonetheless, the main components of ASSFE were palmitic acid (10.5%), oleic acid (7.2%), linoleic acid (4.3%), and kaurenoic acid (3.9%). The ASEO showed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and modest antioxidant activity without causing skin irritation. The findings of this study may help to maximise the medicinal potential of A. squamosa fruit waste.

Graphical Abstract