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<p>This study presents a comprehensive characterization of critical internal combustion engine (ICE) components, namely the engine valve and gudgeon pin, which are subjected to severe mechanical loads, friction, and thermal stresses during operation. The surface integrity and material properties of these components play a decisive role in engine efficiency, wear resistance, and service life. Vickers microhardness testing was performed at multiple indentation loads to evaluate near-surface mechanical behaviour, while crystallographic characteristics were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Surface texture was quantitatively analyzed using a stylus-based profilometer to determine amplitude, spacing, and functional roughness parameters. The results indicate that both components exhibit high hardness suitable for hostile engine environments, with XRD revealing predominantly ferritic phases and low microstrain, indicative of good crystalline quality. Roughness analysis shows optimized surface finishes, with material bearing ratio parameters (Mr1 and Mr2) suggesting favourable load-bearing capacity and lubrication retention. The findings highlight the importance of controlled surface roughness and material selection in improving the functional performance and reliability of ICE components, and they provide a foundation for future tribological and engine-level performance studies.</p>

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Characterization of Valve and Gudgeon Pin of an Internal Combustion Engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Sandeep Kumar,
  • Mayank Mathur,
  • Gopal Jee Verma,
  • Kuldeep Kumar,
  • Naveen Garg,
  • G. S. Parvathi,
  • Mukesh Jewariya

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive characterization of critical internal combustion engine (ICE) components, namely the engine valve and gudgeon pin, which are subjected to severe mechanical loads, friction, and thermal stresses during operation. The surface integrity and material properties of these components play a decisive role in engine efficiency, wear resistance, and service life. Vickers microhardness testing was performed at multiple indentation loads to evaluate near-surface mechanical behaviour, while crystallographic characteristics were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Surface texture was quantitatively analyzed using a stylus-based profilometer to determine amplitude, spacing, and functional roughness parameters. The results indicate that both components exhibit high hardness suitable for hostile engine environments, with XRD revealing predominantly ferritic phases and low microstrain, indicative of good crystalline quality. Roughness analysis shows optimized surface finishes, with material bearing ratio parameters (Mr1 and Mr2) suggesting favourable load-bearing capacity and lubrication retention. The findings highlight the importance of controlled surface roughness and material selection in improving the functional performance and reliability of ICE components, and they provide a foundation for future tribological and engine-level performance studies.