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<p>Malaria remains a significant global health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite decades of control efforts, the disease persists due to complex parasite biology, evolving drug resistance, and challenges in vector control. The life cycle of <i>Plasmodium</i> involves intricate developmental stages in both human and mosquito hosts, which reinforce the disease’s epidemiology and clinical outcomes. Malaria’s global burden is shaped by regional prevalence trends, socio-environmental factors, and parasite diversity. Pathophysiological processes, primarily mediated by erythrocytic infection, result in a wide range of clinical manifestations from mild febrile illness to severe complications. Diagnosis relies on microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic tests, and molecular methods, each with specific advantages and limitations. Increasing antimalarial drug resistance, particularly in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>, threatens current treatment methods. Recent advances indicate promising natural compounds with potent antimalarial activity, while pharmacological management and chemoprophylaxis remain essential tools for disease control. Vector control measures, primarily insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, remain cornerstones of malaria prevention, though their effectiveness is increasingly challenged by insecticide resistance and the rise of outdoor-biting vectors driving residual and zoonotic transmission. Sustained progress against malaria requires integrating novel therapeutics, enhanced diagnostic capabilities, and innovative vector control strategies with ongoing public health interventions. Future research should prioritize mechanisms of drug resistance, optimization of natural product-based therapies, and adaptive prevention approaches tailored to evolving epidemiological patterns. This review furnishes current knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of malaria, with emphasis on recent advances in natural antimalarial compounds and emerging strategies to combat resistance. This narrative review synthesizes literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with supplementary searches using Google Scholar to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and 2024 on malaria pathogenesis, diagnostics, drug resistance, therapeutic strategies, and vector control.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Multidimensional approaches to malaria control: from molecular mechanisms to public health interventions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • C. Aravind Yaswanth,
  • J. Danie Kingsley

摘要

Malaria remains a significant global health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite decades of control efforts, the disease persists due to complex parasite biology, evolving drug resistance, and challenges in vector control. The life cycle of Plasmodium involves intricate developmental stages in both human and mosquito hosts, which reinforce the disease’s epidemiology and clinical outcomes. Malaria’s global burden is shaped by regional prevalence trends, socio-environmental factors, and parasite diversity. Pathophysiological processes, primarily mediated by erythrocytic infection, result in a wide range of clinical manifestations from mild febrile illness to severe complications. Diagnosis relies on microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic tests, and molecular methods, each with specific advantages and limitations. Increasing antimalarial drug resistance, particularly in Plasmodium falciparum, threatens current treatment methods. Recent advances indicate promising natural compounds with potent antimalarial activity, while pharmacological management and chemoprophylaxis remain essential tools for disease control. Vector control measures, primarily insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, remain cornerstones of malaria prevention, though their effectiveness is increasingly challenged by insecticide resistance and the rise of outdoor-biting vectors driving residual and zoonotic transmission. Sustained progress against malaria requires integrating novel therapeutics, enhanced diagnostic capabilities, and innovative vector control strategies with ongoing public health interventions. Future research should prioritize mechanisms of drug resistance, optimization of natural product-based therapies, and adaptive prevention approaches tailored to evolving epidemiological patterns. This review furnishes current knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of malaria, with emphasis on recent advances in natural antimalarial compounds and emerging strategies to combat resistance. This narrative review synthesizes literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with supplementary searches using Google Scholar to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and 2024 on malaria pathogenesis, diagnostics, drug resistance, therapeutic strategies, and vector control.

Graphical abstract