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<p>This study investigates the reinforcement of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene rubber (CIIR) blends using halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and their surface-modified counterparts: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-functionalized HNTs (APHNTs), bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide-treated HNTs (TEHNTs), and resorcinol–hexamethylenetetramine-modified HNTs (RHHNTs). The aim is to enhance the performance of these blends for applications such as gaskets and O-rings. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out to examine cure characteristics, mechanical performance, swelling resistance, rebound resilience, compression set, crosslink density, and abrasion resistance. With increasing nanotube loading, cure parameters such as minimum torque, maximum torque, torque difference, and cure rate index showed significant improvement, whereas scorch time and optimum cure time decreased, indicating a faster vulcanization process. Mechanical testing showed that tensile strength and stress at 100% elongation increased up to 6 phr filler content, beyond which a decline occurred due to possible agglomeration and poor dispersion. Tear strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance improved consistently with higher HNT content. In contrast, elongation at break and rebound resilience decreased gradually, suggesting increased stiffness and reduced elasticity. Crosslink density rose with filler addition up to 6 phr, supporting the development of a more robust network structure; however, a slight decline at higher loadings was observed, likely due to filler clustering. Similarly, solvent uptake initially decreased, indicating enhanced barrier properties, but increased at higher concentrations, possibly due to the formation of microvoids and a reduction in matrix integrity. Compression set values increased with filler content, reflecting reduced elastic recovery under prolonged compression. Among all the fillers, RHHNTs demonstrated the most substantial improvements in mechanical strength and swelling resistance, outperforming TEHNTs, APHNTs, and pristine HNTs. These superior results are attributed to the RH complex’s ability to enhance interfacial adhesion and facilitate crosslink formation, resulting in better filler dispersion and a more integrated rubber matrix.</p>

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Influence of Halloysite Nanotubes and Their Surface Modifications Using APTES, TESPT, and RH on the Mechanical Performance of EPDM/CIIR Blend Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • G. Prabaharan,
  • S. Baskar,
  • S. Vishvanathperumal

摘要

This study investigates the reinforcement of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene rubber (CIIR) blends using halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and their surface-modified counterparts: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-functionalized HNTs (APHNTs), bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide-treated HNTs (TEHNTs), and resorcinol–hexamethylenetetramine-modified HNTs (RHHNTs). The aim is to enhance the performance of these blends for applications such as gaskets and O-rings. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out to examine cure characteristics, mechanical performance, swelling resistance, rebound resilience, compression set, crosslink density, and abrasion resistance. With increasing nanotube loading, cure parameters such as minimum torque, maximum torque, torque difference, and cure rate index showed significant improvement, whereas scorch time and optimum cure time decreased, indicating a faster vulcanization process. Mechanical testing showed that tensile strength and stress at 100% elongation increased up to 6 phr filler content, beyond which a decline occurred due to possible agglomeration and poor dispersion. Tear strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance improved consistently with higher HNT content. In contrast, elongation at break and rebound resilience decreased gradually, suggesting increased stiffness and reduced elasticity. Crosslink density rose with filler addition up to 6 phr, supporting the development of a more robust network structure; however, a slight decline at higher loadings was observed, likely due to filler clustering. Similarly, solvent uptake initially decreased, indicating enhanced barrier properties, but increased at higher concentrations, possibly due to the formation of microvoids and a reduction in matrix integrity. Compression set values increased with filler content, reflecting reduced elastic recovery under prolonged compression. Among all the fillers, RHHNTs demonstrated the most substantial improvements in mechanical strength and swelling resistance, outperforming TEHNTs, APHNTs, and pristine HNTs. These superior results are attributed to the RH complex’s ability to enhance interfacial adhesion and facilitate crosslink formation, resulting in better filler dispersion and a more integrated rubber matrix.