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<p>This study investigates the combined influence of wollastonite and silica fume on concrete permeability and durability under sulfate-rich conditions, addressing a critical gap in prior research that has largely examined these pozzolans individually rather than systematically in combination. The work is motivated by the need for enhanced resistance in aggressive environments such as the Persian Gulf coasts, where sulfate attack severely limits service life. Using the absolute volume method, 24 mixes were designed with wollastonite (0–20%), silica fume (0–7%), and water-to-cement ratios (0.35–0.45), cured and tested in normal water, 5% and 10% magnesium sulfate solutions. Compressive strength, water permeability, absorption, and dynamic modulus of elasticity were assessed at 7, 28, and 90 days. The optimal formulation (M2.0: 7.5% wollastonite, 7% silica fume) achieved 58.10 MPa compressive strength and 1.40 cm permeability at 90 days, corresponding to 10% higher strength and 30% lower permeability than plain concrete, attributable to synergistic pozzolanic reactions and pore refinement. Key novelties include the identification of this synergistic blend, a predictive service-life model (58 years versus 38 years for reference concrete), and preliminary insights into smart and 3D-printable applications. The approach delivers sustainable, cost-effective benefits, including a 5% reduction in embodied CO₂ and a 20-year extension of structural life, while meeting EN 206:2013 and ACI 318–19 requirements for durable infrastructure in corrosive regions.</p>

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Durability and Permeability of Concrete with Wollastonite and Silica fume in Sulfate Environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Yaghoub Mohammadi,
  • Arian DarvishaliNezhad,
  • Husain Khalaf Jarallah

摘要

This study investigates the combined influence of wollastonite and silica fume on concrete permeability and durability under sulfate-rich conditions, addressing a critical gap in prior research that has largely examined these pozzolans individually rather than systematically in combination. The work is motivated by the need for enhanced resistance in aggressive environments such as the Persian Gulf coasts, where sulfate attack severely limits service life. Using the absolute volume method, 24 mixes were designed with wollastonite (0–20%), silica fume (0–7%), and water-to-cement ratios (0.35–0.45), cured and tested in normal water, 5% and 10% magnesium sulfate solutions. Compressive strength, water permeability, absorption, and dynamic modulus of elasticity were assessed at 7, 28, and 90 days. The optimal formulation (M2.0: 7.5% wollastonite, 7% silica fume) achieved 58.10 MPa compressive strength and 1.40 cm permeability at 90 days, corresponding to 10% higher strength and 30% lower permeability than plain concrete, attributable to synergistic pozzolanic reactions and pore refinement. Key novelties include the identification of this synergistic blend, a predictive service-life model (58 years versus 38 years for reference concrete), and preliminary insights into smart and 3D-printable applications. The approach delivers sustainable, cost-effective benefits, including a 5% reduction in embodied CO₂ and a 20-year extension of structural life, while meeting EN 206:2013 and ACI 318–19 requirements for durable infrastructure in corrosive regions.