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<p>In this paper, we propose a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PC) optical filter based on a triangular lattice air hole slab structure and designed for dense wavelength division multiplexing systems (DWDM). The filter parameters are optimized to operate in the Conventional band (C-band) i.e., 1530–1565 nm. The proposed design comprises of a bus waveguide, a centre hexagonal ring resonator, a back cavity, a front cavity, and a drop waveguide. It includes three cavity stages that enable the selective filtering between the input waveguide and the output waveguide. This novel idea plays an important role in dropping the narrow band spectral linewidth of 0.2 nm (25 GHz), and allowing the filters to drop the high resonance narrow resonant wavelength from the broadband spectrum ranging from 1440 nm -1700 nm. The proposed filter is simulated using the 2D Finite Difference Time Domain (2D FDTD) method. The stability of the proposed filter is analysed by varying the radius of the back filter cavity and the hexagonal inner resonant air holes, and the design provides 0.2 nm and 100% transmission efficiency for all cases. The tolerance analysis of the proposed design and performance parameters is discussed for changing the radius of air holes. The filter achieves a narrow spectral linewidth of 0.2 nm and a bandwidth of 25 GHz with 100% normalized transmission, and a high quality factor of 7746 using an air hole slab structure, which is not achieved in existing works. This narrow optical band filter is ideal for high-precision DWDM applications. It is especially suitable for 5G and 6G front-haul and back-haul networks.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>This narrow optical band filter is ideal for high-precision DWDM applications. It is especially suitable for 5G and 6G front-haul and back-haul networks. The filter achieves a 0.2 nm (25 GHz) spectral linewidth with 100% normalized transmission, and a high quality factor of 7746. The variation in the inner air hole radius of the resonator and the cavity air holes within a ±4 nm range results in a uniform pattern of amplitude and channel spacing shifts, indicating the geometric stability of the design.</p> <p></p>

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Numerical Investigation of Dual-Cavity DWDM Optical Filters for Ultra-Narrowband C-Band 6G Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Raj Manasvi,
  • V. Deepa,
  • V. R. Balaji,
  • Mohammad Soroosh,
  • Gopalkrishna Hegde

摘要

In this paper, we propose a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PC) optical filter based on a triangular lattice air hole slab structure and designed for dense wavelength division multiplexing systems (DWDM). The filter parameters are optimized to operate in the Conventional band (C-band) i.e., 1530–1565 nm. The proposed design comprises of a bus waveguide, a centre hexagonal ring resonator, a back cavity, a front cavity, and a drop waveguide. It includes three cavity stages that enable the selective filtering between the input waveguide and the output waveguide. This novel idea plays an important role in dropping the narrow band spectral linewidth of 0.2 nm (25 GHz), and allowing the filters to drop the high resonance narrow resonant wavelength from the broadband spectrum ranging from 1440 nm -1700 nm. The proposed filter is simulated using the 2D Finite Difference Time Domain (2D FDTD) method. The stability of the proposed filter is analysed by varying the radius of the back filter cavity and the hexagonal inner resonant air holes, and the design provides 0.2 nm and 100% transmission efficiency for all cases. The tolerance analysis of the proposed design and performance parameters is discussed for changing the radius of air holes. The filter achieves a narrow spectral linewidth of 0.2 nm and a bandwidth of 25 GHz with 100% normalized transmission, and a high quality factor of 7746 using an air hole slab structure, which is not achieved in existing works. This narrow optical band filter is ideal for high-precision DWDM applications. It is especially suitable for 5G and 6G front-haul and back-haul networks.

Graphical Abstract

This narrow optical band filter is ideal for high-precision DWDM applications. It is especially suitable for 5G and 6G front-haul and back-haul networks. The filter achieves a 0.2 nm (25 GHz) spectral linewidth with 100% normalized transmission, and a high quality factor of 7746. The variation in the inner air hole radius of the resonator and the cavity air holes within a ±4 nm range results in a uniform pattern of amplitude and channel spacing shifts, indicating the geometric stability of the design.