<p>The production of cement contributes an abundant amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, leading to global warming; therefore, it is necessary to replace cement with alternative cementitious materials. In this research, the materials rich in alumina-silica are mixed with alkali activators in the production of geopolymer concrete. The primary purpose of the study is to develop sustainable high-strength concrete using industrial byproducts in ternary blended geopolymer concrete. The ternary blended mix, which included fly ash, GGBS, and metakaolin in a 60:25:15 ratio, achieved the maximum CS of 62.45&#xa0;MPa with 1.5% of steel fibres after 28&#xa0;days of ambient curing. Additionally, a significant improvement in STS &amp; FS was achieved with the increase in fibre content. Durability properties like water absorption, resistance to sulphuric acid, and sodium sulphate solution were evaluated. Test results revealed that GPC has excellent resistance against aggressive environments. The SEM analysis revealed the dense and compact microstructures, with the formation of C-A-S–H and N-A-S–H gels that contributed to the improved hardened properties of the concrete. EDS analysis identified alumina-silicate as the primary component in the geopolymer reaction, and the EDS patterns of all GPC mixes were consistent with the XRD findings. The XRD results showed peaks corresponding to albite and oligoclase minerals, indicating the formation of N-A-S–H and C-A-S–H gels. A strong correlation was obtained from regression analysis between the proposed model equation with experimental results, which can be very useful in predicting CS, STS &amp; FS of concrete.</p>

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Sustainable Ternary Geopolymer Concrete with Industrial Waste: Performance Modelling, Mechanical, Microstructural, and Sustainability Insights

  • Md Khalid S,
  • Tanu H.M.,
  • Shobha MS,
  • Minakshi Mishra,
  • Manjula K

摘要

The production of cement contributes an abundant amount of CO2 emissions, leading to global warming; therefore, it is necessary to replace cement with alternative cementitious materials. In this research, the materials rich in alumina-silica are mixed with alkali activators in the production of geopolymer concrete. The primary purpose of the study is to develop sustainable high-strength concrete using industrial byproducts in ternary blended geopolymer concrete. The ternary blended mix, which included fly ash, GGBS, and metakaolin in a 60:25:15 ratio, achieved the maximum CS of 62.45 MPa with 1.5% of steel fibres after 28 days of ambient curing. Additionally, a significant improvement in STS & FS was achieved with the increase in fibre content. Durability properties like water absorption, resistance to sulphuric acid, and sodium sulphate solution were evaluated. Test results revealed that GPC has excellent resistance against aggressive environments. The SEM analysis revealed the dense and compact microstructures, with the formation of C-A-S–H and N-A-S–H gels that contributed to the improved hardened properties of the concrete. EDS analysis identified alumina-silicate as the primary component in the geopolymer reaction, and the EDS patterns of all GPC mixes were consistent with the XRD findings. The XRD results showed peaks corresponding to albite and oligoclase minerals, indicating the formation of N-A-S–H and C-A-S–H gels. A strong correlation was obtained from regression analysis between the proposed model equation with experimental results, which can be very useful in predicting CS, STS & FS of concrete.