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<p>To enhance the visible light response of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles (NPs) were thermally treated in carbon powder, effectively overcoming the challenges associated with conventional doping methods. During the treatment, a TiO<sub>2</sub> thin shell with oxygen vacancies (OVs) formed around the TiC NPs, creating a shell–core structure S-scheme photocatalyst. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of the TiO<sub>2</sub> shell. By optimizing the shell thickness, the TiO<sub>2</sub>–TiC shell–core structure achieved an ideal shell–core ratio, resulting in strong visible light absorption (400–800 nm), and the degradation rate constant of Rhodamine B (RhB) of sample cHT500 reached 0.0687 min<sup>−1</sup>, which is 20.8 times higher than that of pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> (0.0033 min<sup>−1</sup>) under visible-light irradiation. In addition, cytocompatibility tests showed that sample cHT500 exhibits favorable cell viability, which is comparable to that of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, and thus remarkably mitigates the poor biocompatibility inherent to TiC, making them promising candidates for biomedical and photocatalytic applications.</p>

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Enhanced visible light response and cytocompatibility of TiO2–TiC shell–core structured S-scheme photocatalyst

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Yuanyuan Li,
  • Sujun Guan,
  • Yingda Qian,
  • Liang Hao,
  • Sheikh Mohamed Mohamed,
  • Lijun Wang,
  • Takaomi Itoi,
  • Yun Lu,
  • Xinwei Zhao

摘要

To enhance the visible light response of titanium dioxide (TiO2), titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles (NPs) were thermally treated in carbon powder, effectively overcoming the challenges associated with conventional doping methods. During the treatment, a TiO2 thin shell with oxygen vacancies (OVs) formed around the TiC NPs, creating a shell–core structure S-scheme photocatalyst. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of the TiO2 shell. By optimizing the shell thickness, the TiO2–TiC shell–core structure achieved an ideal shell–core ratio, resulting in strong visible light absorption (400–800 nm), and the degradation rate constant of Rhodamine B (RhB) of sample cHT500 reached 0.0687 min−1, which is 20.8 times higher than that of pristine TiO2 (0.0033 min−1) under visible-light irradiation. In addition, cytocompatibility tests showed that sample cHT500 exhibits favorable cell viability, which is comparable to that of TiO2 nanoparticles, and thus remarkably mitigates the poor biocompatibility inherent to TiC, making them promising candidates for biomedical and photocatalytic applications.