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<p>Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as core probiotics, maintain the host’s intestinal immune homeostasis through multidimensional mechanisms. This article reviews the key mechanisms of their immunomodulatory effects and their application potential in improving intestinal health. The immunomodulation of LAB primarily relies on three core mediators-metabolites (e.g., lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids, indole derivatives, bacteriocins), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their own cell wall components (e.g., peptidoglycan, surface proteins, exopolysaccharides). These mediators interact with intestinal immune signaling pathways (e.g., TLR/NOD, NF-κB, JAK/STAT) to exert regulatory effects: metabolites activate GPR, AhR and other receptors to modulate cytokines secretion and epigenetic modifications; EVs deliver bioactive molecules to target inflammation-related pathways and reshape gut microbiota; cell wall components act as signaling molecules to mediate crosstalk via NOD1/2, TLR2/4 and other receptors. At the immune cell level, LAB modulate macrophage polarization, natural killer cell activation, dendritic cells antigen-presenting capacity, and T cell differentiation, thereby enhancing the intestinal barrier, maintaining immune balance, and remodeling the gut microecosystem. Clinically, LAB have shown significant interventional value in intestinal immune-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and necrotizing enterocolitis and infectious intestinal diseases. In conclusion, LAB synergistically regulate intestinal immune function via multi-mediator, multi-cell, and multi-pathway crosstalk, which provides a theoretical basis for developing precise probiotic-based interventions.</p>

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Functional Integration of Crosstalk Between Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Intestinal Immunity Signaling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Yuxin Shao,
  • Yaoyao Cui,
  • Jianhui Li,
  • Fuzhou Xu

摘要

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as core probiotics, maintain the host’s intestinal immune homeostasis through multidimensional mechanisms. This article reviews the key mechanisms of their immunomodulatory effects and their application potential in improving intestinal health. The immunomodulation of LAB primarily relies on three core mediators-metabolites (e.g., lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids, indole derivatives, bacteriocins), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their own cell wall components (e.g., peptidoglycan, surface proteins, exopolysaccharides). These mediators interact with intestinal immune signaling pathways (e.g., TLR/NOD, NF-κB, JAK/STAT) to exert regulatory effects: metabolites activate GPR, AhR and other receptors to modulate cytokines secretion and epigenetic modifications; EVs deliver bioactive molecules to target inflammation-related pathways and reshape gut microbiota; cell wall components act as signaling molecules to mediate crosstalk via NOD1/2, TLR2/4 and other receptors. At the immune cell level, LAB modulate macrophage polarization, natural killer cell activation, dendritic cells antigen-presenting capacity, and T cell differentiation, thereby enhancing the intestinal barrier, maintaining immune balance, and remodeling the gut microecosystem. Clinically, LAB have shown significant interventional value in intestinal immune-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and necrotizing enterocolitis and infectious intestinal diseases. In conclusion, LAB synergistically regulate intestinal immune function via multi-mediator, multi-cell, and multi-pathway crosstalk, which provides a theoretical basis for developing precise probiotic-based interventions.