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<p>Background: The aquaculture industry faces substantial health challenges, with disease-related losses exceeding USD 6&#xa0;billion annually. Reducing antibiotic reliance while maintaining fish health is critical for sustainability. Functional feed additives (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics) offer promising alternatives for enhancing immunity and modulating gut microbiota in commercially important fish species. Methods: This systematic review and bibliometric analysis examined functional additive effects on immune parameters and microbial flora in <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> (common carp) and <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> (rainbow trout). Comprehensive searches of the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (from 1 January 2000 to 15 May 2025) were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. From 573 records, 183 studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. A narrative synthesis with quantitative data summarization was used to assess immunological and microbial outcomes. Results: Analysis of 183 studies (79 on common carp; 104 on rainbow trout) included 89 probiotic, 41 prebiotic, 43 synbiotic, and 10 postbiotic interventions, all demonstrating consistent immune enhancement. Probiotics and synbiotics increased lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels by 35–52%. Postbiotics reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) by 28–41% and increased anti-inflammatory markers. All additives upregulated antioxidant enzymes and improved survival following pathogenic challenge (15–30% increase). Bibliometric analysis revealed exponential publication growth post-2017 (R² = 0.837), with Iran and China as leading contributors. Conclusions: Functional additives represent effective alternatives to antibiotics for enhancing fish immunity. Synbiotics demonstrated superior efficacy compared to single components, offering an evidence-based approach for sustainable aquaculture health management and reducing antimicrobial resistance.</p>

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Advancing Fish Health: Systematic and Bibliometric Insights into Functional Feed Additives for Common Carp and Rainbow Trout

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Alireza Azizian,
  • Laleh Roomiani,
  • Mehdi Shamsaie Mehrgan,
  • Seyed Pezhman Hosseini Shekarabi

摘要

Background: The aquaculture industry faces substantial health challenges, with disease-related losses exceeding USD 6 billion annually. Reducing antibiotic reliance while maintaining fish health is critical for sustainability. Functional feed additives (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics) offer promising alternatives for enhancing immunity and modulating gut microbiota in commercially important fish species. Methods: This systematic review and bibliometric analysis examined functional additive effects on immune parameters and microbial flora in Cyprinus carpio (common carp) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout). Comprehensive searches of the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (from 1 January 2000 to 15 May 2025) were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. From 573 records, 183 studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. A narrative synthesis with quantitative data summarization was used to assess immunological and microbial outcomes. Results: Analysis of 183 studies (79 on common carp; 104 on rainbow trout) included 89 probiotic, 41 prebiotic, 43 synbiotic, and 10 postbiotic interventions, all demonstrating consistent immune enhancement. Probiotics and synbiotics increased lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels by 35–52%. Postbiotics reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) by 28–41% and increased anti-inflammatory markers. All additives upregulated antioxidant enzymes and improved survival following pathogenic challenge (15–30% increase). Bibliometric analysis revealed exponential publication growth post-2017 (R² = 0.837), with Iran and China as leading contributors. Conclusions: Functional additives represent effective alternatives to antibiotics for enhancing fish immunity. Synbiotics demonstrated superior efficacy compared to single components, offering an evidence-based approach for sustainable aquaculture health management and reducing antimicrobial resistance.