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<p>A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of pomelo peel and soybean meal (SM) fermented by microorganisms alone (BFPS) or in combination with enzymes (EBFPS) on growth performance, serum biochemistry, and intestinal health of large yellow croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>). Large yellow croaker was randomly assigned to three groups (C, BFPS, and EBFPS) with four replicates per group and 160 fish per replicate. Results showed that BFPS and EBFPS significantly improved the growth performance and feed utilization. Fish fed BFPS- and EBFPS-containing diets exhibited reduced hepatosomatic index and serum activities of aspartate transaminase and alanine transferase, indicating superior liver health. Additionally, dietary BFPS and EBFPS increased serum lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin M concentration, while significant enhancement of serum alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities was only observed in the EBFPS group. Improvements of mid-intestinal morphology in BFPS and EBFPS groups were accompanied by reduced serum diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate content, as well as up-regulated expression of tight junction-related genes (<i>zo-1</i>, <i>claudin-11</i>, and <i>occludin</i>) in the mid-intestine. Interestingly, BFPS was associated with suppressed mid-intestinal inflammation and activated toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, whereas EBFPS induced moderate inflammatory responses and down-regulated TLR signaling. The results of mid-intestinal microbiota showed that compared with C and BFPS groups, croakers fed the EBFPS diet exhibited a higher Shannon index and distinct community structures. Moreover, BFPS led to reducing mid-intestinal <i>Brevinema</i> but sharply increased Desulfobacterota, <i>Lawsonia</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> abundances, while EBFPS decreased Desulfobacterota, <i>Lawsonia</i> and <i>Brevinema</i> and increased <i>unclassified_Bacteria</i>. Overall, both BFPS and EBFPS positively modulated growth performance and mid-intestinal health, with distinct effects on immune responses and microbial community composition in large yellow croaker (<i>L. crocea</i>).</p>

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Pomelo Peel and Soybean Meal Fermented by Three Probiotics or in Combination with Enzymes: A Comparative Study on growth, Immunity and Intestinal Health of Larimichthys crocea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Xi-Yue Ding,
  • Yu-Hang Hong,
  • Zi-Yan Liu,
  • Hong-Ling Yang,
  • Guo-He Cai,
  • Pan Wang,
  • Chuang-Zhong Zhu,
  • Jie Su,
  • Yun-Zhang Sun

摘要

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of pomelo peel and soybean meal (SM) fermented by microorganisms alone (BFPS) or in combination with enzymes (EBFPS) on growth performance, serum biochemistry, and intestinal health of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Large yellow croaker was randomly assigned to three groups (C, BFPS, and EBFPS) with four replicates per group and 160 fish per replicate. Results showed that BFPS and EBFPS significantly improved the growth performance and feed utilization. Fish fed BFPS- and EBFPS-containing diets exhibited reduced hepatosomatic index and serum activities of aspartate transaminase and alanine transferase, indicating superior liver health. Additionally, dietary BFPS and EBFPS increased serum lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin M concentration, while significant enhancement of serum alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities was only observed in the EBFPS group. Improvements of mid-intestinal morphology in BFPS and EBFPS groups were accompanied by reduced serum diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate content, as well as up-regulated expression of tight junction-related genes (zo-1, claudin-11, and occludin) in the mid-intestine. Interestingly, BFPS was associated with suppressed mid-intestinal inflammation and activated toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, whereas EBFPS induced moderate inflammatory responses and down-regulated TLR signaling. The results of mid-intestinal microbiota showed that compared with C and BFPS groups, croakers fed the EBFPS diet exhibited a higher Shannon index and distinct community structures. Moreover, BFPS led to reducing mid-intestinal Brevinema but sharply increased Desulfobacterota, Lawsonia and Pseudomonas abundances, while EBFPS decreased Desulfobacterota, Lawsonia and Brevinema and increased unclassified_Bacteria. Overall, both BFPS and EBFPS positively modulated growth performance and mid-intestinal health, with distinct effects on immune responses and microbial community composition in large yellow croaker (L. crocea).