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<p>Rising ocean temperatures are causing widespread coral bleaching by disrupting the symbiotic relationship between reef-building corals and Symbiodiniaceae. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how the combined stress of elevated temperature and high irradiance impairs coral photo-physiology and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage photosystems, membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, ultimately leading to coral bleaching and mortality. The synthesis primarily focuses on research from the past decade, emphasizing experimental findings that investigate coral responses under both controlled and natural conditions. Studies included in this review were selected based on their significant contributions to understanding the mechanisms and impacts of thermal and light stress on coral reefs. Heat-induced photoinhibition and photosystem II (PSII) damage in symbionts especially under high irradiance typically result in excess ROS production, which triggers antioxidant defence mechanisms and causes cellular damage in both corals and their symbionts. Simultaneously, corals also used up internal lipid reserves, particularly triacylglycerols (TAGs), to meet energetic demands, although this process is limited by reduced enzyme activities and protein biosynthesis at high temperatures. Additionally, the dual role of ROS as both damaging agents and stress signals is examined, with attention to their involvement in apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and inter-compartmental communication. The review further addresses resilience mechanisms, including antioxidant capacity, symbiont flexibility, heat shock protein expression, and metabolic reprogramming, as well as emerging biomarkers for early stress detection. Such changes in membrane lipid saturation will influence thermal sensitivity and oxidative vulnerability. Finally, conservation strategies for future work based on the insights from molecular and biochemical pathways, including assisted evolution, artificial selection, preconditioning, and resilience-based restoration, are discussed. By connecting cellular mechanisms to reef-scale outcomes, this review provides an integrative framework for managing coral responses in a warming ocean.</p>

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Mechanisms of Coral Bleaching and Biomarkers for Early Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Michelle Glory G Jonik,
  • Mahadi Mohammad,
  • Sazlina Salleh,
  • Ching-Nen Nathan Chen,
  • Nur Ain Amani Abdul Mubin,
  • Nur Hidayah Abdullah

摘要

Rising ocean temperatures are causing widespread coral bleaching by disrupting the symbiotic relationship between reef-building corals and Symbiodiniaceae. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how the combined stress of elevated temperature and high irradiance impairs coral photo-physiology and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage photosystems, membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, ultimately leading to coral bleaching and mortality. The synthesis primarily focuses on research from the past decade, emphasizing experimental findings that investigate coral responses under both controlled and natural conditions. Studies included in this review were selected based on their significant contributions to understanding the mechanisms and impacts of thermal and light stress on coral reefs. Heat-induced photoinhibition and photosystem II (PSII) damage in symbionts especially under high irradiance typically result in excess ROS production, which triggers antioxidant defence mechanisms and causes cellular damage in both corals and their symbionts. Simultaneously, corals also used up internal lipid reserves, particularly triacylglycerols (TAGs), to meet energetic demands, although this process is limited by reduced enzyme activities and protein biosynthesis at high temperatures. Additionally, the dual role of ROS as both damaging agents and stress signals is examined, with attention to their involvement in apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and inter-compartmental communication. The review further addresses resilience mechanisms, including antioxidant capacity, symbiont flexibility, heat shock protein expression, and metabolic reprogramming, as well as emerging biomarkers for early stress detection. Such changes in membrane lipid saturation will influence thermal sensitivity and oxidative vulnerability. Finally, conservation strategies for future work based on the insights from molecular and biochemical pathways, including assisted evolution, artificial selection, preconditioning, and resilience-based restoration, are discussed. By connecting cellular mechanisms to reef-scale outcomes, this review provides an integrative framework for managing coral responses in a warming ocean.