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<p>Protected cultivation systems enhance vegetable yields but simultaneously favour proliferation of plant-parasitic nematodes, especially root-knot nematode, <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of nematode populations is essential for developing effective, targeted management strategies. This study investigated nematode population dynamics and spatial distribution in a continuously cropped, nematode-infested polyhouse over 12&#xa0;months covering two tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> cv. Heemsohna) cycles. Soil samples were collected at monthly intervals horizontally (10, 20, and 30&#xa0;cm from the plant base) and vertically (10–20, 20–30, and 30–40&#xa0;cm depths) to estimate nematode densities. Principal component analysis with k-means clustering identified four seasonal regimes influenced by polyhouse microclimate conditions. Results revealed pronounced temporal variation driven primarily by crop phenology and temperature regimes. <i>M. incognita</i> populations increased 439.7% from transplanting to harvest, collapsed during hot fallow periods (&gt; 40&#xa0;°C), and recovered rapidly following replanting. The semi-endoparasitic <i>Rotylenchulus reniformis</i> exhibited bimodal peaks and fallow-period persistence, while the migratory endoparasite, <i>Pratylenchus</i> sp. showed delayed buildup near root bases. Vertical stratification was pronounced, with 60%–70% of economically important nematodes concentrated in the upper 20&#xa0;cm layer, whereas <i>R. reniformis</i> remained uniformly distributed across depths<i>.</i> Seasonal regime analysis indicated that nematode community turnover responded more strongly to temperature-driven microclimate patterns than to spatial factors. These findings provide an ecological basis for optimizing nematode sampling within the upper 10–30&#xa0;cm soil layer and identifying key intervention windows. The cool, dry winter and early crop phase offer optimal timing for biocontrol applications, while late-season population surges and thermal collapse during fallow define periods for integrated, pre-emptive management. This spatiotemporal framework enables development of phenology-based, depth-targeted protocols optimizing sampling efficiency and intervention timing for sustainable nematode suppression in high-value protected cultivation systems.</p>

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Crop phenology and temperature mediated spatiotemporal dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita and associated nematode communities in polyhouse tomatoes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Gurram Mallikarjun,
  • Anju Kamra,
  • Mohd Harun,
  • Ajay Singh Sindhu,
  • S. Gandhi Rajan,
  • Sangeeta Chopra

摘要

Protected cultivation systems enhance vegetable yields but simultaneously favour proliferation of plant-parasitic nematodes, especially root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of nematode populations is essential for developing effective, targeted management strategies. This study investigated nematode population dynamics and spatial distribution in a continuously cropped, nematode-infested polyhouse over 12 months covering two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Heemsohna) cycles. Soil samples were collected at monthly intervals horizontally (10, 20, and 30 cm from the plant base) and vertically (10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm depths) to estimate nematode densities. Principal component analysis with k-means clustering identified four seasonal regimes influenced by polyhouse microclimate conditions. Results revealed pronounced temporal variation driven primarily by crop phenology and temperature regimes. M. incognita populations increased 439.7% from transplanting to harvest, collapsed during hot fallow periods (> 40 °C), and recovered rapidly following replanting. The semi-endoparasitic Rotylenchulus reniformis exhibited bimodal peaks and fallow-period persistence, while the migratory endoparasite, Pratylenchus sp. showed delayed buildup near root bases. Vertical stratification was pronounced, with 60%–70% of economically important nematodes concentrated in the upper 20 cm layer, whereas R. reniformis remained uniformly distributed across depths. Seasonal regime analysis indicated that nematode community turnover responded more strongly to temperature-driven microclimate patterns than to spatial factors. These findings provide an ecological basis for optimizing nematode sampling within the upper 10–30 cm soil layer and identifying key intervention windows. The cool, dry winter and early crop phase offer optimal timing for biocontrol applications, while late-season population surges and thermal collapse during fallow define periods for integrated, pre-emptive management. This spatiotemporal framework enables development of phenology-based, depth-targeted protocols optimizing sampling efficiency and intervention timing for sustainable nematode suppression in high-value protected cultivation systems.