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<p>Foot rot disease caused by <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> is a significant biotic factor affecting rice globally<i>.</i> To address this, the antifungal potential of essential oils and oleoresins from nutmeg and mace (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) was investigated. Among all the treatments, nutmeg essential oil showed highest efficacy (ED<sub>50</sub> = 125&#xa0;µg/ml) followed by mace oleoresin (ED<sub>50</sub> = 130&#xa0;µg/ml). GC–MS analysis identified α-terpineol (23.02%) in nutmeg essential oil and 4-carvomenthenol (12.40%) in mace oleoresin as major compounds. These major compounds were isolated by column chromatography, derivatised into α-terpineol ester, α-terpineol epoxide, α-terpineol ether, 3-bromo terpineol, 4-carvomenthenol ester and 4-carvomenthenol epoxide. Among all the treatments, α-terpineol was the most potent antifungal agent (ED<sub>50</sub> = 490&#xa0;µg/ml) and showed 76% inhibition of fungal membrane ergosterol biosynthesis @ ED<sub>50</sub> value. This was further confirmed by molecular docking studies of all the treatments, where α-terpineol revealed maximum binding affinity (-7.985&#xa0;kcal/mol) with Cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase. Hence, both nutmeg essential oil and α-terpineol (I) were evaluated for in vivo studies against <i>F. verticillioides</i> during 2022 and 2023. The results revealed that the nutmeg essential oil was the best treatment in nursery and transplanted plants. SEM analysis showed alterations in the morphology of fungal hyphae in comparison to the control. The nutmeg essential oil also effectively reduced fungal mitochondrial reductase enzyme activity as visualized by MTT assay. This study highlights nutmeg essential oil as a promising natural antifungal agent, suggesting its potential in agriculture and food preservation applications.</p>

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Myristica fragrans Houtt. as botanical fungicide against foot rot of rice caused by Fusarium verticillioides

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月9日

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  • Vishaldeep Kaur,
  • Sonia Kaushal,
  • Mandeep Singh Hunjan,
  • Kamaljot Singh,
  • Yesmin Kaur,
  • Heena

摘要

Foot rot disease caused by Fusarium verticillioides is a significant biotic factor affecting rice globally. To address this, the antifungal potential of essential oils and oleoresins from nutmeg and mace (Myristica fragrans) was investigated. Among all the treatments, nutmeg essential oil showed highest efficacy (ED50 = 125 µg/ml) followed by mace oleoresin (ED50 = 130 µg/ml). GC–MS analysis identified α-terpineol (23.02%) in nutmeg essential oil and 4-carvomenthenol (12.40%) in mace oleoresin as major compounds. These major compounds were isolated by column chromatography, derivatised into α-terpineol ester, α-terpineol epoxide, α-terpineol ether, 3-bromo terpineol, 4-carvomenthenol ester and 4-carvomenthenol epoxide. Among all the treatments, α-terpineol was the most potent antifungal agent (ED50 = 490 µg/ml) and showed 76% inhibition of fungal membrane ergosterol biosynthesis @ ED50 value. This was further confirmed by molecular docking studies of all the treatments, where α-terpineol revealed maximum binding affinity (-7.985 kcal/mol) with Cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase. Hence, both nutmeg essential oil and α-terpineol (I) were evaluated for in vivo studies against F. verticillioides during 2022 and 2023. The results revealed that the nutmeg essential oil was the best treatment in nursery and transplanted plants. SEM analysis showed alterations in the morphology of fungal hyphae in comparison to the control. The nutmeg essential oil also effectively reduced fungal mitochondrial reductase enzyme activity as visualized by MTT assay. This study highlights nutmeg essential oil as a promising natural antifungal agent, suggesting its potential in agriculture and food preservation applications.