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<p>Vanadium oxide (VO<sub><i>X</i></sub>) with tunable interlayer spacing and variable valence states of vanadium ions offers tremendous opportunities in aqueous electrochromic devices but is still challenging. Herein, a polyaniline (PANI)-VO<sub><i>X</i></sub> composite material has been designed, increasing the conductivity&#xa0;and the structure stability. Owning to these virtues, the PANI-VO<sub><i>X</i></sub> composite material achieves a high capacitance of 332 mAh·g<sup>–1</sup> at 0.1 A·g<sup>–1</sup> and a superior cycling performance (72% Δ<i>T</i> retention after 500 cycles). Importantly, in-situ Raman spectroscopy has been utilized to reveal the rapid formation of Zn<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>·<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O and the reversible change of PANI-VO<sub><i>X</i></sub>, which can further assist the development of aqueous electrochromic devices.&#xa0;This work highlights the understanding of the Zn<sup>2+</sup> electrochromic mechanism and sheds some light on organic–inorganic composite electrochromic materials.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Polyaniline-vanadium oxide composite for Zn-ion electrochromic devices and mechanistic investigation by in-situ Raman spectroscopy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月14日

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  • Yi-Xin Song,
  • Shan-Lin Li,
  • Xiang-Hong Liu,
  • Jun Zhang

摘要

Vanadium oxide (VOX) with tunable interlayer spacing and variable valence states of vanadium ions offers tremendous opportunities in aqueous electrochromic devices but is still challenging. Herein, a polyaniline (PANI)-VOX composite material has been designed, increasing the conductivity and the structure stability. Owning to these virtues, the PANI-VOX composite material achieves a high capacitance of 332 mAh·g–1 at 0.1 A·g–1 and a superior cycling performance (72% ΔT retention after 500 cycles). Importantly, in-situ Raman spectroscopy has been utilized to reveal the rapid formation of Zn3(OH)2V2O7·nH2O and the reversible change of PANI-VOX, which can further assist the development of aqueous electrochromic devices. This work highlights the understanding of the Zn2+ electrochromic mechanism and sheds some light on organic–inorganic composite electrochromic materials.

Graphical abstract