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<p>Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a 3GPP-proposed low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology that facilitates long-range device communication. NB-IoT is devised for applications requiring low data rates, extended battery life, and reliable connectivity, making it suitable for a variety of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including smart cities, smart agriculture, and industrial IoT. Battery life is a crucial consideration for NB-IoT devices, and the NB-IoT particulars include features like Power Saving Mode (PSM) and extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) to facilitate this objective. These mechanisms enable reduced power consumption and intermittent connectivity, making NB-IoT appropriate for low-power IoT devices. In this article, we employ PSM and eDRX approaches in conjunction with efficient beamforming and develop a semi-Markov model (SMM) to improve the power efficiency of NB-IoT devices. This work proposes an analytical solution through the two-stage method of the SMM. Further, an auxiliary state is utilized, which aids in more efficient power conservation by preventing the user equipment (UE) from transitioning back to the active state when serving fewer data packets than the threshold. In addition, the efficacy of the proposed model is determined in the context of the power-saving factor and the expected delay encountered by UE at various data arrival rates.</p>

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Performance evaluation of NB-IoT devices with auxiliary state: a two stage method based semi-Markov model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Nikita Mittal,
  • Vidyottama Jain,
  • Kuldeep Saini,
  • Viswanathan Arunachalam

摘要

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a 3GPP-proposed low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology that facilitates long-range device communication. NB-IoT is devised for applications requiring low data rates, extended battery life, and reliable connectivity, making it suitable for a variety of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including smart cities, smart agriculture, and industrial IoT. Battery life is a crucial consideration for NB-IoT devices, and the NB-IoT particulars include features like Power Saving Mode (PSM) and extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) to facilitate this objective. These mechanisms enable reduced power consumption and intermittent connectivity, making NB-IoT appropriate for low-power IoT devices. In this article, we employ PSM and eDRX approaches in conjunction with efficient beamforming and develop a semi-Markov model (SMM) to improve the power efficiency of NB-IoT devices. This work proposes an analytical solution through the two-stage method of the SMM. Further, an auxiliary state is utilized, which aids in more efficient power conservation by preventing the user equipment (UE) from transitioning back to the active state when serving fewer data packets than the threshold. In addition, the efficacy of the proposed model is determined in the context of the power-saving factor and the expected delay encountered by UE at various data arrival rates.