<p>Diabetes is a growing global health challenge, and monitoring glucose levels in human blood at regular intervals is crucial for managing this condition effectively. Currently, various methods are used for glucose detection. However, conventional laboratory-based sensing techniques are often time-consuming, bulky, and costly, and may result in sample wastage, making them inconvenient for patients. To overcome these limitations, we proposed a novel hybrid circular-elliptical photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based glucose sensor to detect glucose levels in both human blood and urine. The proposed sensor is based on a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with silica as the background material, featuring a strategically optimized hybrid structure. The design parameters, such as core diameter, large air hole diameter, pitch, and major axis of the elliptical air holes, were systematically varied to enhance sensing performance across different glucose concentrations. The sensor is analyzed numerically using finite element technique with perfectly matched layer boundary from 1.2 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m to 1.8 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m wavelength range. Key performance parameters such as relative sensitivity, confinement loss, birefringence, and effective area are analyzed. The proposed design exhibits temperature and polarization-independent operation, ensuring stable sensing performance under different environmental conditions. At an operating wavelength of 1.55 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m, the optimized sensor achieved maximum relative sensitivity of 90.81% and 91.03% for urine and blood glucose, respectively, while exhibiting low confinement loss of 8.3223 <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times 10^{-8}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> dB/m for urine and 1.094 <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times 10^{-7}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> dB/m for blood. In addition, the proposed sensor provides low birefringence values of 0.0004 and 0.0005 for urine and blood, respectively, with an effective area of 6.0827 <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^2\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The obtained results confirmed that the proposed sensor is an effective alternative for glucose sensing compared to recently reported PCF sensors. Due to its high relative sensitivity, low confinement loss, and temperature and polarization-independent characteristics, the proposed sensor is promising for glucose monitoring and diabetes management.</p>

Temperature and polarization independent photonic crystal fiber-based glucose sensor

期刊论文
发表日期：

2026年8月3日

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Emu Khatun,
Md. Mahbub Hossain,
Ashok Pandit

摘要

Diabetes is a growing global health challenge, and monitoring glucose levels in human blood at regular intervals is crucial for managing this condition effectively. Currently, various methods are used for glucose detection. However, conventional laboratory-based sensing techniques are often time-consuming, bulky, and costly, and may result in sample wastage, making them inconvenient for patients. To overcome these limitations, we proposed a novel hybrid circular-elliptical photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based glucose sensor to detect glucose levels in both human blood and urine. The proposed sensor is based on a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with silica as the background material, featuring a strategically optimized hybrid structure. The design parameters, such as core diameter, large air hole diameter, pitch, and major axis of the elliptical air holes, were systematically varied to enhance sensing performance across different glucose concentrations. The sensor is analyzed numerically using finite element technique with perfectly matched layer boundary from 1.2 \(\mu \) m to 1.8 \(\mu \) m wavelength range. Key performance parameters such as relative sensitivity, confinement loss, birefringence, and effective area are analyzed. The proposed design exhibits temperature and polarization-independent operation, ensuring stable sensing performance under different environmental conditions. At an operating wavelength of 1.55 \(\mu \) m, the optimized sensor achieved maximum relative sensitivity of 90.81% and 91.03% for urine and blood glucose, respectively, while exhibiting low confinement loss of 8.3223 \(\times 10^{-8}\) dB/m for urine and 1.094 \(\times 10^{-7}\) dB/m for blood. In addition, the proposed sensor provides low birefringence values of 0.0004 and 0.0005 for urine and blood, respectively, with an effective area of 6.0827 \(\mu \) m \(^2\) . The obtained results confirmed that the proposed sensor is an effective alternative for glucose sensing compared to recently reported PCF sensors. Due to its high relative sensitivity, low confinement loss, and temperature and polarization-independent characteristics, the proposed sensor is promising for glucose monitoring and diabetes management.