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<p>This paper presents a detailed fabrication-tolerance analysis of a GeO<sub>2</sub>-doped core photonic crystal fiber (Ge-PCF) by quantifying how realistic geometric deviations affect its optical properties. Independent variations in core radius and air-hole radius, together with ± 3% whole-fiber dimensional tolerances, are introduced to emulate draw-process imperfections. Full-vector finite-element simulations show that the real part of the effective index shifts smoothly from 1.445 to 1.449 at 1.33&#xa0;μm as the air-hole radius or global scale increases, while the imaginary component remains in the order &lt; 10<sup>− 13</sup>, confirming strong confinement. Under global geometric scaling, the effective mode area changes from <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:4.84\hspace{0.25em}\mu\:{\text{m}}^{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\Delta\:}=-3\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:5.53\hspace{0.25em}\mu\:{\text{m}}^{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\Delta\:}=+3\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, while the corresponding nonlinear coefficient remains within the range of approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:22\text{\:to\:}26\hspace{0.25em}{\text{W}}^{-1}\text{k}{\text{m}}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:1.33\hspace{0.25em}\mu\:\text{m}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Dispersion and higher-order terms (D, β<sub>2</sub>, β<sub>3</sub>, β<sub>4</sub>) vary continuously with geometry, and the zero-dispersion wavelength shifts only by a few nanometers across the full tolerance window. These results demonstrate that the Ge-PCF retains stable dispersion characteristics, low loss, and predictable nonlinear behaviour even under ± 3% fabrication deviations, confirming its strong robustness for practical nonlinear and dispersion-engineered fiber applications.</p>

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Fabrication tolerance analysis of a GeO₂-doped core photonic crystal fiber under core- and air-hole radius variations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Harmanpreet Kaur,
  • Ajay Vasishth,
  • Mehtab Singh

摘要

This paper presents a detailed fabrication-tolerance analysis of a GeO2-doped core photonic crystal fiber (Ge-PCF) by quantifying how realistic geometric deviations affect its optical properties. Independent variations in core radius and air-hole radius, together with ± 3% whole-fiber dimensional tolerances, are introduced to emulate draw-process imperfections. Full-vector finite-element simulations show that the real part of the effective index shifts smoothly from 1.445 to 1.449 at 1.33 μm as the air-hole radius or global scale increases, while the imaginary component remains in the order < 10− 13, confirming strong confinement. Under global geometric scaling, the effective mode area changes from \(\:4.84\hspace{0.25em}\mu\:{\text{m}}^{2}\) at \(\:{\Delta\:}=-3\) to \(\:5.53\hspace{0.25em}\mu\:{\text{m}}^{2}\) at \(\:{\Delta\:}=+3\) , while the corresponding nonlinear coefficient remains within the range of approximately \(\:22\text{\:to\:}26\hspace{0.25em}{\text{W}}^{-1}\text{k}{\text{m}}^{-1}\) at \(\:1.33\hspace{0.25em}\mu\:\text{m}\) . Dispersion and higher-order terms (D, β2, β3, β4) vary continuously with geometry, and the zero-dispersion wavelength shifts only by a few nanometers across the full tolerance window. These results demonstrate that the Ge-PCF retains stable dispersion characteristics, low loss, and predictable nonlinear behaviour even under ± 3% fabrication deviations, confirming its strong robustness for practical nonlinear and dispersion-engineered fiber applications.