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<p>In this article, we report our investigation on a tunable nonlinear (NL) metasurface designed for third harmonic generation (THG) at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The proposed structure consists of a complementary split ring resonator (c-SRR) patterned on a suspended graphene layer integrated with an electrostatically actuated micro-cantilever. Electrostatic actuation enables dynamic tunability of the resonance frequency. Strong field confinement and enhanced nonlinear response arise from the large 3rd order nonlinear conductivity of graphene and the Kerr-type nonlinearity of the dielectric spacer. The metasurface demonstrates efficient THG with a maximum conversion efficiency of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-5 dB\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at input intensities as low as 50 kW/cm<sup>2</sup>, with a tunable fundamental resonance frequency range of about 1.56 THz and a corresponding shift in the generated 3rd harmonic frequency. This hybrid graphene c-SRR platform combines mechanical tunability with strong plasmonic nonlinearity, offering a compact, low-voltage, and dynamically reconfigurable THz source suitable for applications in spectroscopy, frequency selective contrast enhancement in imaging, and reconfigurable frequency up-conversion in short range THz wireless links, where dynamically controllable THz generators are in demand.</p>

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Bias-controlled mechanically tunable THz third harmonic generation in graphene based complementary split ring resonator metasurfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Mitali Sahu,
  • Partha Roy Chaudhuri

摘要

In this article, we report our investigation on a tunable nonlinear (NL) metasurface designed for third harmonic generation (THG) at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The proposed structure consists of a complementary split ring resonator (c-SRR) patterned on a suspended graphene layer integrated with an electrostatically actuated micro-cantilever. Electrostatic actuation enables dynamic tunability of the resonance frequency. Strong field confinement and enhanced nonlinear response arise from the large 3rd order nonlinear conductivity of graphene and the Kerr-type nonlinearity of the dielectric spacer. The metasurface demonstrates efficient THG with a maximum conversion efficiency of \(-5 dB\) at input intensities as low as 50 kW/cm2, with a tunable fundamental resonance frequency range of about 1.56 THz and a corresponding shift in the generated 3rd harmonic frequency. This hybrid graphene c-SRR platform combines mechanical tunability with strong plasmonic nonlinearity, offering a compact, low-voltage, and dynamically reconfigurable THz source suitable for applications in spectroscopy, frequency selective contrast enhancement in imaging, and reconfigurable frequency up-conversion in short range THz wireless links, where dynamically controllable THz generators are in demand.