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<p>The present work outlines the structural design and assesses the functional performance of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based sensor for liquid sensing applications in the THz frequency range. The proposed structure utilizes Zeonex as the base material due to its low absorption and favorable optical properties. The core design incorporates tailored air-hole arrangements to optimize light confinement and enhance sensitivity. The sensor’s capability to detect various liquid analytes, including acetone, chloroform, and isopropanol, has been thoroughly investigated through numerical simulations. The analysis reveals that the relative sensitivity increases significantly within the lower frequency range (0.8 THz to approximately 2.1 THz), reaching peak values of 96.04% for acetone, 98.66% for chloroform, and 95.10% for isopropanol at 2.1 THz. Beyond 2.1 THz, relative sensitivity gradually decreases up to 3 THz. Additionally, the confinement loss has been analyzed with respect to frequency and material layer thickness. The results indicate that thinner layers cause higher confinement loss due to stronger mode–material interaction, whereas increasing the thickness reduces energy leakage. Acetone exhibits the highest confinement loss, reaching approximately 0.18&#xa0;dB/m, followed by isopropanol at approximately 0.08&#xa0;dB/m and chloroform at approximately 0.013&#xa0;dB/m at the optimal operating frequency. The combination of high relative sensitivity and low confinement loss highlights the proposed PCF sensor’s potential for practical applications in biomedical, environmental, and industrial sensing.</p>

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Design and simulation of a photonic crystal fiber-based optical sensor for liquid detection in the terahertz frequency range

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Md. Motiur Rahman Tareq,
  • Rakibul Hasan,
  • Md. Jubaer-Al-Imran Khan,
  • Md. Jakaria Hossain,
  • Md. Sazedur Rahman

摘要

The present work outlines the structural design and assesses the functional performance of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based sensor for liquid sensing applications in the THz frequency range. The proposed structure utilizes Zeonex as the base material due to its low absorption and favorable optical properties. The core design incorporates tailored air-hole arrangements to optimize light confinement and enhance sensitivity. The sensor’s capability to detect various liquid analytes, including acetone, chloroform, and isopropanol, has been thoroughly investigated through numerical simulations. The analysis reveals that the relative sensitivity increases significantly within the lower frequency range (0.8 THz to approximately 2.1 THz), reaching peak values of 96.04% for acetone, 98.66% for chloroform, and 95.10% for isopropanol at 2.1 THz. Beyond 2.1 THz, relative sensitivity gradually decreases up to 3 THz. Additionally, the confinement loss has been analyzed with respect to frequency and material layer thickness. The results indicate that thinner layers cause higher confinement loss due to stronger mode–material interaction, whereas increasing the thickness reduces energy leakage. Acetone exhibits the highest confinement loss, reaching approximately 0.18 dB/m, followed by isopropanol at approximately 0.08 dB/m and chloroform at approximately 0.013 dB/m at the optimal operating frequency. The combination of high relative sensitivity and low confinement loss highlights the proposed PCF sensor’s potential for practical applications in biomedical, environmental, and industrial sensing.