Scholarlink

<p>Glasses were synthesized using the conventional melt-quench technique, with boron oxide serving as an effective glass former due to its low melting point, optical clarity and dopant versatility. The study examines the incorporation of rare earth oxides (REOs), heavy metal oxides (HMOs) and transition metal oxides (TMOs) into borate glass matrices, focusing on their effects on physical, structural, linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Raman as well as FTIR investigations reveal the presence of diborate, dipentaborate and metaborate ring type structural units and structural interconversions occur between BO<sub>3</sub> and BO<sub>4</sub>. These structural interconversions are in support of the trends observed in linear and non-linear optical properties. In the borate-based glasses R<sub>2</sub>O (alkali oxides) and RO (Alkaline earth oxide) modify the glass structure and which eliminates the hygroscopic nature of the glass. Beyond R<sub>2</sub>O/RO ratio beyond 33&#xa0;mol% the glass structure converts BO<sub>4</sub> to BO<sub>3</sub>. As a result, non-bridging oxygen’s (NBOs) formation in the glass. Thess NBOs support NLO activity in the glass samples and which increases the absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n₂) values in the glasses. NLO behaviour was investigated using nanosecond pulsed laser at 532&#xa0;nm via open- and closed-aperture Z-scan techniques to evaluate nonlinear absorption (NLA) and refraction (NLR). Observed NLA responses included reverse saturation absorption (RSA), saturation absorption (SA), W-pattern refers to&#xa0;saturation absorption-reverse saturation absorption (SA–RSA), and M-pattern refers to&#xa0;reverse saturation absorption-saturation absorption (RSA–SA), with NLR showing mixed SA–RSA characteristics. Significantly, enhanced NLO parameters were observed, with absorption coefficient (β) values ranging from 0.42 to 3.2 × 10<sup>−1</sup>⁰ mW<sup>−1</sup>, nonlinear refractive index (n<sub>2</sub>) up to 2.33 × 10<sup>−13</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> W<sup>−1</sup>, and optical limiting (O<sub>L</sub>) values reaching 2.078 × 10<sup>12</sup> Wm<sup>−2</sup>, attributed to increased NBOs. These findings suggest the synthesized glasses are promising candidates for optical switching and limiting devices in photonic applications.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

A review on structural correlation to non-linear optical studies of REOs, HMOs and TMOs doped borate glasses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月6日

查看全文
  • S. Shilpa,
  • J. Gurusiddappa,
  • G. Ranjith Kumar,
  • B. P. Siddalingeshwara,
  • Ganesh Shridhar Hegde

摘要

Glasses were synthesized using the conventional melt-quench technique, with boron oxide serving as an effective glass former due to its low melting point, optical clarity and dopant versatility. The study examines the incorporation of rare earth oxides (REOs), heavy metal oxides (HMOs) and transition metal oxides (TMOs) into borate glass matrices, focusing on their effects on physical, structural, linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Raman as well as FTIR investigations reveal the presence of diborate, dipentaborate and metaborate ring type structural units and structural interconversions occur between BO3 and BO4. These structural interconversions are in support of the trends observed in linear and non-linear optical properties. In the borate-based glasses R2O (alkali oxides) and RO (Alkaline earth oxide) modify the glass structure and which eliminates the hygroscopic nature of the glass. Beyond R2O/RO ratio beyond 33 mol% the glass structure converts BO4 to BO3. As a result, non-bridging oxygen’s (NBOs) formation in the glass. Thess NBOs support NLO activity in the glass samples and which increases the absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n₂) values in the glasses. NLO behaviour was investigated using nanosecond pulsed laser at 532 nm via open- and closed-aperture Z-scan techniques to evaluate nonlinear absorption (NLA) and refraction (NLR). Observed NLA responses included reverse saturation absorption (RSA), saturation absorption (SA), W-pattern refers to saturation absorption-reverse saturation absorption (SA–RSA), and M-pattern refers to reverse saturation absorption-saturation absorption (RSA–SA), with NLR showing mixed SA–RSA characteristics. Significantly, enhanced NLO parameters were observed, with absorption coefficient (β) values ranging from 0.42 to 3.2 × 10−1⁰ mW−1, nonlinear refractive index (n2) up to 2.33 × 10−13 cm2 W−1, and optical limiting (OL) values reaching 2.078 × 1012 Wm−2, attributed to increased NBOs. These findings suggest the synthesized glasses are promising candidates for optical switching and limiting devices in photonic applications.